1. GoFar DOK 4

2. The official hurricane season for North America is from June 1 to November 30. Hurricanes begin as tropical storms over areas of the ocean that have warm air and warm water. These conditions exist in specific places on Earth. Once the storm makes landfall, energy from the warm ocean water is no longer available. Also, as the storm moves across the land, friction between the air and the ground helps slow the storm.
The diagrams below show the positions of the continents
and oceans today and during the Cambrian period. Part A Describe the relationship between the temperature of
ocean water and the formation of hurricanes. Part B Explain why hurricanes do not form in the oceans near
the poles of Earth. Part C Describe whether the strongest hurricanes are more likely to form in ocean
waters near land or in open ocean waters far from land. Explain why. Part D Compare the strength of hurricanes today with those that most likely  formed during the Cambrian period.

3. Students are studying geological processes using the model shown below.
Part A Describe the geological process demonstrated by this model and what causes it. Part B Explain two other causes for this type of geological process. Part C Explain what the watering can in the model represents. Part D In the real world, describe what might be done to reroute the water and how this would affect both sides of the soil sample in the tub.

4. There are numerous tectonic plates on Earth's surface
There are numerous tectonic plates on Earth's surface. They are in constant motion, as it is shown in the figure below. The arrows show the direction of each plate's movement. The direction a plate is moving compared to the plate next to it determines what geologic activity will be occurring at the boundary between the two plates.
Plate tectonic activity is responsible for many of the surface features on Earth. Compare the tectonic plate map from the passage to the location of the Himalayan mountains shown below. Part A Name the three types of tectonic plate boundaries shown in the map on the left. Use the plate tectonic theory to explain the movements that occur at these boundaries. Part B Based on the map of the tectonic plates, how did the Himalayan mountain rangemost likely form? Part C Is the Himalayan mountain range still forming today? Explain. Part D What does the current location of the continents tell you about plate movement over time? What does this suggest about mountain ranges and mid-ocean ridges in the future?

5. A student investigates how sand and water absorb heat
A student investigates how sand and water absorb heat. The student places sand in a foam cup and an equal mass of water in a second cup. The temperature in both cups is 25⁰C A heat lamp is set up to shine on both cups. After 20 minutes, the temperature of the sand is   
37⁰ C and the water is 28⁰C.
Part A Compare the change in temperature of sand and water in this investigation. Part B What can the student conclude from the investigation about the amount of energy needed to heat sand and water to the same temperature? Part C Compare the results of this investigation to the temperature differences of land and water surfaces near the ocean. Part D Describe the effect that unequal heating of land and water has on wind patterns near the ocean.

6. Soil is made up of layers
Soil is made up of layers. The soil layers shown below are from a grassland environment where the soil has plenty of dead plant material to provide nutrients. Part A Describe the composition of Layer 1. Part B Which soil layer has the most nutrients available for plants growing in the soil? Part C Describe the weather conditions that could increase the thickness of Layer 2. Part D Explain the process that helps form the soil of an area.

7. A new neighborhood is built on a beautiful hillside after the pine forest that covered the hillside was cut down. The next rainy season resulted in a great deal of rain in a small period of time. Many of the new hillside homes were destroyed as the land underneath them gave way and slid down the hill. Part A Identify two types of geological processes that most likely caused the land to give way. Part B Describe two methods that the builders of the new neighborhood might have used to decrease the possibility of a landslide.

8.  Students were researching differences in temperature between land and water. They place a beaker of garden soil and a beaker of water under a warming lamp in a science class. The soil and the water are the same temperature before they are placed under the warming lamp. Part A Which beaker will have the faster increase in temperature? Explain your answer. Part B After the lamp is turned off, which beaker will lose heat faster? Explain your answer. Part C The teacher provided the information below for the students to apply their findings: One day in July, the high temperature in Savannah, located on Georgia's coast, was 92.3⁰F. On the same day in Macon, 165 miles inland, the high temperature was 98.2⁰F  What factor(s) causes the high temperatures to be different in these two cities? Part D Describe the type of wind pattern Savannah most likely has during the day. Explain your answer.

9. When you look at the moon at different times during a month, the moon seems to have a different shape. Part A Explain the alignment of Earth, the moon, and the sun during the full moon phase. Part B Describe the position order of Earth, the moon, and the sun for a solar eclipse. Part C Describe the position order of Earth, the moon, and the sun for a lunar eclipse. Part D Explain why there is not a lunar eclipse every month.

10. Students are studying temperature changes in water and land that occur in one year.
Part A Explain the relationship of water and land
temperature changes shown in the graph. Part B Describe how water and land temperature change during the seasons. Part C Describe weather events that occur due to the unequal heating of water and land. Part D Describe which months would have temperatures that would be good for the formation of hurricanes and explain why.

11. The theory of continental drift explains that the continents were once joined into a giant continent called Pangaea. Pangaea eventually spit into smaller continents. The movement of the continents is explained by the plate tectonics theory. This theory explains that Earth's crust is divided into plates that move as they float on Earth's mantle. The movement of Earth's plates causes oceans to open and close and land masses to become larger or smaller.
Imagine the effects of the separation of Pangaea into the continents of today. Think about the ocean currents and migration pathways of organisms in water, on land and in the sky as this change occurred. A map of Pangaea, a map of Pangaea separating into smaller continents, and a map of the present-day position of the continents are shown below.
Part A: Describe what happened to the levels of
the oceans when colliding continents formed Pangaea.
Part B: Explain how the separation of the continents
affected the water patterns of the oceans.
Part C: How would the separation of the continents
have affected marine life?
Part D: Describe the climate that was most likely found
on Pangaea, and explain why the climate changed as
Pangaea broke up into smaller continents.

12. Coal is a sedimentary rock that forms from the remains of plants that grow in swamps. Fossils of seed ferns, giant snakes, bugs, marine creatures and even forests have been found near coal deposits. The shaded regions in the diagram below show the location of coal deposits in part of the United States.
Part A
Is coal a renewable or a nonrenewable resource?
Explain your answer.
Part B
Explain how fossils can be used to determine the types of past climates. Give one example.
Part C
Describe the type of climate present in the region when coal deposits began to form.
Part D
Compare today's climate in the regions where most coal deposits are found with the climate present when the coal deposits began to form.

13. The diagram shows a teacher holding a pinwheel over a beaker of boiling water.
The pinwheel turned when the teacher held it over the beaker of boiling water. Then the teacher held the pinwheel over a beaker of ice and the pinwheel stopped turning. Part A Why did the pinwheel turn above the beaker with boiling water and not when it was held over the beaker of ice? Part B Based on the observed pattern, predict what might happen if a pinwheel was positioned below the beaker of boiling water and below the beaker of ice. Explain your answer. Part C How does the teacher's demonstration compare to the formation of local winds? Part D How does the teacher's demonstration compare to the formation of large global wind systems?

14. Physical processes like erosion, deposition, and the movement of tectonic plates cause changes to the geological features of Earth. These processes are continually interacting.
Part A
Describe how water erosion may change a geological feature on Earth.
Part B
Describe an example of physical deposition changing Earth's surface.
Part C
Describe the process of beach erosion.
Part D
Describe the effects that the movement of tectonic plates may have on Earth's surface.