1. MATTER
States of Matter

2. Properties We can describe matter by its… Extensive properties
Changes with a change
In amount
Intensive properties
Doesn’t change when the amount changes:
density, melting pt.
freezing pt, color,
chemical composition

3. Properties
Physical properties we can observe without changing the chemical composition of the substance.
Color, melting point, weight, density,
Chemical properties are observed when a substance undergoes change in composition.
Chemical reactivity, flammability

4. Properties Is melting point an extensive or intensive property?
Is melting point a physical or chemical property?

5. Property Changes
When a one substance changes into another, it is a chemical change.
The identity of the substance has changed.
A chemical change is an indicator of a chemical reaction.

6. Indicators of a Chemical Change
Formation of a gas (smoke, bubbles, odor)
Formation of a solid (called a precipitate)
The precipitate will have color.
Change in thermal energy (hot, cold)
Formation of light

7. Conservation of Matter
The same amount of matter that is present at the start of a reaction is present after the reaction takes place.
For example,
4grams reacts with 6grams to produce 10grams
(4 + 6 = 10)
Matter can neither be created nor destroyed; it can only change in form.

8. Matter Vocabulary Mass: the amount of matter in an object.
Weight: the amount of force exerted by the amount of matter in an object due to gravity
Volume: the amount of space an object occupies (takes up)
Density: m V

9. Defining the States of Matter
________________ is the amount of matter in a defined amount of space.
We use this ______________________ to compare states of matter.
States of matter:
_________________
Density is m/v or the amount of particles (matter) in a defined amount of space or how dense something is.
This is one of the properties used to separate the three states of matter.
(density; intensive property (type of property that does not change with the amount of matter), solid, liquid, gas

10. Defining the States of Matter
Density is the amount of matter in a defined amount of space.
We use this intensive property to compare states of matter.
States of matter:
solid
liquid
gas
Density is m/v or the amount of particles (matter) in a defined amount of space or how dense something is.
This is one of the properties used to separate the three states of matter.
(density; intensive property (type of property that does not change with the amount of matter), solid, liquid, gas

11. Particle Arrangement
(picture of particles for solid-liquid-gas)
The majority of compounds and mixtures follow this pattern. Solids are the most dense. Liquids are in the middle. Gases are the least dense.
Can you name an exception?
Relate the states of matter to the arrangement of their particles
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

12. Particle Arrangement
(picture of particles for solid-liquid-gas)
The majority of compounds and mixtures follow this pattern. Solids are the most dense. Liquids are in the middle. Gases are the least dense.
Can you name an exception?
Relate the states of matter to the arrangement of their particles
In a solid the particles are closely packed; most dense.
In a liquid the particles are loosely packed
In a gas the particles are dispersed; least dense

13. Exception _________
(picture of crystalline structure of ice)
H20 is an exception. Liquid water is more dense than its solid state, ice.
Evidence that this is an exception_____________________________
________________________________________________________

14. An Exception is H2O Evidence that this is an exception:
(picture of crystalline structure of ice)
H20 is an exception. Liquid water is more dense than its solid state, ice.
Evidence that this is an exception:
The solid state (ice) floats on the liquid state (water); the solid is less dense than the liquid.

16. Comparing States of Matter
State of Matter
Shape
Volume
Compressibility
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Chart for characterisctics of solid-liquid-gas

17. Comparing States of Matter
State of Matter
Shape
Volume
Compressibility
Solid
Definite
Not compressible
Liquid
changes
Gas
Compressible
Chart for characterisctics of solid-liquid-gas

18. Molecular Movement The molecules in a solid move _____________
because ______________________________
The molecules in a liquid move ____________
The molecules in a gas move _____________
(slowly, there is little energy, moderately, there is moderate energy, rapidly, there is much energy and the molecules are not held in place.)

19. Molecular Movement The molecules in a solid move very slow
because they have the least amount of energy
The molecules in a liquid move medium
because they have moderate amount of energy
The molecules in a gas move very fast
because they have the most amount of energy
(slowly, there is little energy, moderately, there is moderate energy, rapidly, there is much energy and the molecules are not held in place.)

20. Phase Change C F G D B E A http://galaxynet.com
A: Solid B: Liquid C; Gas
D: Freezing E: Melting F: Condensing G: Evaporating/Vaporizing E A

21. Phase Change gas condensation evaporation freezing liquid melting
A: Solid B: Liquid C; Gas
D: Freezing E: Melting F: Condensing G: Evaporating/Vaporizing
melting
solid

22. Skipping States Sublimation occurs when ________________
_____________________________________
Deposition occurs when _________________
(a solid goes directly into the gaseous state, a gas goes directly into the solid state)

23. Skipping States
Sublimation occurs when a solid goes directly into the gaseous state
Deposition occurs when a gas goes directly into the solid state.
(a solid goes directly into the gaseous state, a gas goes directly into the solid state)

24. Questions Does temperature change during a phase change?
During boiling, does energy (increase, decrease, or remain the same)?
During freezing, does energy (increase, decrease, or remain the same)?
Questions: (no, increase, decrease)

25. The Effects of Pressure
Based on the conditions (temperature and pressure), the state of the substance can be predicted.
For each substance, the graph is different.
The triple point is the temp. and pressure at which all three states can coexist, (for water it is K, 611.7Pa)
Note: at low pressure, no liquid state exists –it moves directly from solid to gas with increasing temperature.
At high pressure, higher temperature is required to move from liquid to gas.
At low ___________________, the substance can not exist in the
__________________ state.

26. The Effects of Pressure
Based on the conditions (temperature and pressure), the state of the substance can be predicted.
For each substance, the graph is different.
The triple point is the temp. and pressure at which all three states can coexist, (for water it is K, 611.7Pa)
Note: at low pressure, no liquid state exists –it moves directly from solid to gas with increasing temperature.
At high pressure, higher temperature is required to move from liquid to gas.
At low pressures, the substance can not exist in the
liquid state.

28. Classifying Matter Types of Matter.
substances
Pure
__________
Mixtures
_________
Types of Matter.
(elements, compounds, homogeneous mixture, heterogeneous mixture)

29. Classifying Matter Types of Matter.
substances
Pure
elements
compounds
Mixtures
homogeneous
heterogeneous
Types of Matter.
(elements, compounds, homogeneous mixture, heterogeneous mixture)

30. Mixtures _____________________
Homogeneous mixture containing the smallest sized particles of the three types of mixtures. When left standing, the particles will not settle out. Light will pass through this mixture.
Heterogeneous mixture containing the largest sized particles. When left standing, the particles will settle out. This mixture blocks light.
heterogeneous mixture which particles will not settle out of upon standing. Displays the Tyndall Effect:________________________
Solution: examples apple juice, ammonia (Windex)
Suspension: examples clay mixed with water, orange juice, liquid amoxicillin
Colloid: examples foams (gas in a liquid i.e. whipped cream), emulsions (liquid in a liquid i.e. milk), aerosols (liquid in a gas i.e. fog), smokes (solid in a gas), gels (solid in a liquid i.e. gelatin)
Tyndall Effect: when a light source shines through a colloid, a visible beam is observed. (example, driving in fog with headlights on)

31. Mixtures Solution Suspension Colloid
Homogeneous mixture containing the smallest sized particles of the three types of mixtures. When left standing, the particles will not settle out. Light will scatter through this mixture.
Suspension
Heterogeneous mixture containing the largest sized particles. When left standing, the particles will settle out. This mixture blocks light.
Colloid
heterogeneous mixture which particles will not settle out of upon standing. Displays the Tyndall Effect:________________________
Solution: examples apple juice, ammonia (Windex)
Suspension: examples clay mixed with water, orange juice, liquid amoxicillin
Colloid: examples foams (gas in a liquid i.e. whipped cream), emulsions (liquid in a liquid i.e. milk), aerosols (liquid in a gas i.e. fog), smokes (solid in a gas), gels (solid in a liquid i.e. gelatin)
Tyndall Effect: when a light source shines through a colloid, a visible beam is observed. (example, driving in fog with headlights on)

32. The Tyndall Effect
The scattering of visible light is observed in a colloid; a beam of light is visible when light passes through a colloid.

33. Colloids Type of Colloid Dispersion System Example gel
Solid in a liquid
jelly
sol
blood
emulsion
Liquid in a liquid
milk
foam
Gas in a liquid
Whipped cream
aerosol
Liquid in a gas
fog
smoke
Solid in a gas
dust

34. Solutions
Solutions have two components: the ______________ and the _______________
A solvent is __________________________
____________________________________
A solute is ___________________________
(solvent, solute, the liquid that forms the bulk of the solution, the substance that dissolves in the solvent)

35. Solutions Solutions have two components: the solvent and the solute
A solvent is the liquid that makes up the bulk of the solution
A solute is a substance that dissolves in the solvent.
(solvent, solute, the liquid that forms the bulk of the solution, the substance that dissolves in the solvent)

36. Solutions Creating a Solution
A _____________ is added to a __________________
The _______________ breaks down the ________.
A ______________ is
formed.
A solute can continue to be added to a solvent until the solution is _______________.
(solute, solvent, solvent, solute, solution, saturated)
(sugar (solute) in water (solvent), alcohol (solute) in water (solvent), oxygen (solute) in water (solvent), nonaqueous solutions include nail varnish, gasoline, glue, paint remover

37. Solutions Creating a Solution A solute is added to a solvent
The solvent breaks down the solute.
A solution is formed.
A solute can continue to be added to a solvent until the solution is saturated.
(solute, solvent, solvent, solute, solution, saturated)
(sugar (solute) in water (solvent), alcohol (solute) in water (solvent), oxygen (solute) in water (solvent), nonaqueous solutions include nail varnish, gasoline, glue, paint remover

38. Alloys Alloys are _________________ mixtures of two ________________.
The advantage to creating alloys is ______________ __________________________________________
Alloy
Sterling Silver
92.5% Silver
7.5% Copper
Cast Iron
96% Iron
4% Carbon
Stainless Steel
80.6% Iron
18% Chromium
0.4% Carbon
1% Nickel
Surgical Steel
67% Iron
3% Molybdenium
12% Nickel
(homogeneous, metals, to be able to alter the properties of the final product, such as strength, electrical conductibility, malleability –able to be hammer into sheets, ductility- able to be drawn into wire, melting point, (cost))
(brass, copper (67-90%)& zinc (10-33%); bronze, copper (70-95%), zinc (1-25%), tin (1-18%);

39. Alloys Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of two metals.
The advantage to creating alloys is to change the properties of the final product. (such as strength, durability, malleability, etc.)
Alloy
Sterling Silver
92.5% Silver
7.5% Copper
Cast Iron
96% Iron
4% Carbon
Stainless Steel
80.6% Iron
18% Chromium
0.4% Carbon
1% Nickel
Surgical Steel
67% Iron
3% Molybdenium
12% Nickel
(homogeneous, metals, to be able to alter the properties of the final product, such as strength, electrical conductibility, malleability –able to be hammer into sheets, ductility- able to be drawn into wire, melting point, (cost))
(brass, copper (67-90%)& zinc (10-33%); bronze, copper (70-95%), zinc (1-25%), tin (1-18%);

40. Separation When separating mixtures by ____________
___________, the differences in the two substances _______________________ are used.
Some properties include:
______________________
(physical means, intensive properties, particle size, magnetism, boiling point, solubility, ionic charge, molar mass, etc.)

41. Separation When separating mixtures by physical
means, the differences in the two substances intensive properties are used.
Some properties include:
Magnetic properties
Solubility
Particle size
Boiling point
Ionic charge
Molar mass
(physical means, intensive properties, particle size, magnetism, boiling point, solubility, ionic charge, molar mass, etc.)

42. Separation _______________________
one substance enters the gaseous phase, while the other remains in its solid/liquid state.
one substance from a solution forms into solid particles, while the other remains in its liquid state.
one substance enters directly into the gaseous phase from the solid state, while the other remains a solid.
Methods for separation
Taking advantage of the properties of the components, (separating by Evaporation, Crystallization, Sublimation)
Evaporation: (salt water left or boiled-water evaporates-salt is left behind in solid state)
Crystallization: (sugar water when supersaturated- sugar can be pulled out of the solution creating crystals-rock candy)
Sublimation:

43. Separation Evaporation Crystallization Sublimation
one substance enters the gaseous phase, while the other remains in its solid/liquid state.
Crystallization
one substance from a solution forms into solid particles, while the other remains in its liquid state.
Sublimation
one substance enters directly into the gaseous phase from the solid state, while the other remains a solid.
Methods for separation
Taking advantage of the properties of the components, (separating by Evaporation, Crystallization, Sublimation)
Evaporation: (salt water left or boiled-water evaporats-salt is left behind in solid state)
Crystallization: (sugar water when supersaturated- sugar can be pulled out of the solution creating crystals-rock candy)
Sublimation:

44. Filtration
Filtration uses a porous material such as _________ ________ or ____________
_______________________
pass through, but ________
___________ are trapped by the filter.
(filter paper, sand/gravel, smaller particles, larger particles,)

45. Filtration
Filtration uses a porous material such as filter paper or sand/gravel
Smaller particles
pass through, but larger particles are trapped by the filter.
(filter paper, sand/gravel, smaller particles, larger particles,)

46. Distillation http://www.chemheritage.org Distillation
Uses evaporation, but rather than allowing the water to enter the atmosphere, the water is kept and condensed.
This allows you to preserve both components of the mixture.

47. Chromatography Some Types of Chromatography Affinity chromatography
uses: _______________________
Absorption chromatography
Gel Permeation chromatography
Ion-Exchange chromatography
Gas chromatography
uses: ________________________
Chromatography
Affinity: uses like-attracts-like principle.
Gel permeation =size exclusion, large particles cannot pass through.
Ion-exchange uses an electrostatic forces between molecules.
Gas chromatography uses a gas instead of a liquid solvent.
(check for specific antibodies in blood to verify the presence of some illnesses; drug testing, screening for pesticides)

48. Chromatography Some Types of Chromatography Affinity chromatography
uses: antibody check to screen for illnesses
Absorption chromatography
Gel Permeation chromatography
Ion-Exchange chromatography
Gas chromatography
uses: drug testing, pollutant testing.
Chromatography
Affinity: uses like-attracts-like principle.
Gel permeation =size exclusion, large particles cannot pass through.
Ion-exchange uses an electrostatic forces between molecules.
Gas chromatography uses a gas instead of a liquid solvent.
(check for specific antibodies in blood to verify the presence of some illnesses; drug testing, screening for pesticides)

49. Questions How would you separate sand and water?
How would you separate salt and water?
How would you separate salt and sand?
How would you separate salt, sand, and water?
Questions: (filtration, evaporation, solubility/evaporation, solubility/distillation)