1. Figure 17.1 The major components of whole blood.
Formed
elements
Plasma
• 55% of whole blood
• Least dense component
Buffy coat
• Leukocytes and platelets
• <1% of whole blood
Erythrocytes 1
Withdraw
blood and place
in tube.
Centrifuge the
blood sample. 2
• 45% of whole blood
• Most dense
component

6. b Globin chains
Heme
group
a Globin chains
(a) Hemoglobin consists of globin (two
alpha and two beta polypeptide
chains) and four heme groups.
(b) Iron-containing heme pigment.

7. Figure 17.5 Erythropoiesis: genesis of red blood cells.
Stem cell
Committed
cell
Developmental pathway
Phase 1
Ribosome
synthesis
Phase 2
Hemoglobin
accumulation
Phase 3
Ejection of
nucleus
Proerythro-
blast
Early
erythroblast
Late
erythroblast
Reticulo-
cyte
Erythro-
cyte
Hemocytoblast
Normoblast

8. Homeostasis: Normal blood oxygen levels
Stimulus: 1
Hypoxia (low blood
O2- carrying ability)
due to
O2- carrying
ability of blood
increases. 5
• Decreased
RBC count
• Decreased amount
of hemoglobin
availability of O2
Enhanced
erythropoiesis
increases RBC
count. 4
Kidney (and liver to
a smaller extent)
releases
erythropoietin 2
Erythropoietin
stimulates red
bone marrow. 3

9. Figure 17.7 Life cycle of red blood cells.
Low O2 levels in blood stimulate
kidneys to produce erythropoietin. 1
Erythropoietin levels rise
in blood. 2
Erythropoietin and necessary
raw materials in blood promote
erythropoiesis in red bone marrow. 3
New erythrocytes
enter bloodstream;
function about 120 days. 4
Aged and damaged
red blood cells are
engulfed by macrophages
of liver, spleen, and bone
marrow; the hemoglobin
is broken down. 5
Figure Life cycle of red blood cells.
Hemoglobin
Heme
Globin
Bilirubin
Iron stored
as ferritin,
hemosiderin
Amino
acids
Iron is bound to
transferrin and released
to blood from liver as
needed for erythropoiesis.
Bilirubin is picked up from blood
by liver, secreted into intestine in
bile, metabolized to stercobilin by
bacteria, and excreted in feces.
Circulation
Food nutrients,
including amino acids,
Fe, B12, and folic acid,
are absorbed from
intestine and enter
blood.
Raw materials are
made available in blood
for erythrocyte synthesis. 6

10. Low O2 levels in blood stimulate kidneys to produce erythropoietin.1
Erythropoietin levels rise
in blood. 2
Erythropoietin and necessary
raw materials in blood promote
erythropoiesis in red bone marrow. 3
New erythrocytes
enter bloodstream;
function about 120 days. 4

11. Figure 17.7 Life cycle of red blood cells (2 of 2).
Aged and damaged red
blood cells are engulfed by
macrophages of liver,
spleen, and bone
marrow; the
hemoglobin is
broken down. 5
Hemoglobin
Heme
Globin
Bilirubin
Iron stored
as ferritin,
hemosiderin
Amino
acids
Iron is bound to
transferrin and released
to blood from liver as
needed for erythropoiesis.
Figure Life cycle of red blood cells (2 of 2).
Bilirubin is picked up from blood
by liver, secreted into intestine in
bile, metabolized to stercobilin by
bacteria, and excreted in feces.
Circulation
Food nutrients,
including amino acids,
Fe, B12, and folic acid,
are absorbed from
intestine and enter
blood.
Raw materials are
made available in blood
for erythrocyte synthesis. 6

13. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

14. Differential
WBC count
(All total 4800 –
10,800/l)
Formed
elements
Figure Types and relative percentages of leukocytes in normal blood.
Platelets
Granulocytes
Neutrophils (50 – 70%)
Leukocytes
Eosinophils (2 – 4%)
Basophils (0.5 – 1%)
Erythrocytes
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes (25 – 45%)
Monocytes (3 – 8%)

15. Leukocytes (a) Neutrophil; multilobed nucleus (b) Eosinophil;
bilobed nucleus,
red cytoplasmic
granules
(c) Basophil;
bilobed nucleus,
purplish-black
cytoplasmic
granules
(d) Small
lymphocyte;
large spherical
nucleus
(e) Monocyte;
kidney-shaped
nucleus

16. Figure 17.10a Leukocytes.
Neutrophil
multilobed nucleus

17. Figure 17.10b Leukocytes. Eosinophil bilobed nucleus, red
cytoplasmic granules

18. Figure 17.10c Leukocytes. Basophil bilobed nucleus, purplish-black
cytoplasmic granules

19. Figure 17.10d Leukocytes.
Small lymphocyte
large spherical nucleus

20. Figure 17.10e Leukocytes.
Monocyte
kidney-shaped nucleus

23. Figure 17.11 Leukocyte formation.
Stem cells
Hemocytoblast
Myeloid stem cell
Lymphoid stem cell
Committed
cells
Myeloblast
Myeloblast
Myeloblast
Monoblast
Lymphoblast
Figure Leukocyte formation.
Developmental
pathway
Promyelocyte
Promyelocyte
Promyelocyte
Promonocyte
Prolymphocyte
Eosinophilic
myelocyte
Basophilic
myelocyte
Neutrophilic
myelocyte
Eosinophilic
band cells
Basophilic
band cells
Neutrophilic
band cells
Eosinophils
Basophils
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Agranular leukocytes
Some
become
Granular leukocytes
Some become
Macrophages (tissues)
Plasma cells

24. Figure 17.12 Genesis of platelets.
Stem cell
Developmental pathway
Figure Genesis of platelets.
Hemocyto-
blast
Promegakaryocyte
Megakaryoblast
Megakaryocyte
Platelets

25. Figure 17.13 Events of hemostasis.
Step Vascular spasm 1
• Smooth muscle contracts,
causing vasoconstriction.
Figure Events of hemostasis.
Step Platelet plug
formation 2
• Injury to lining of vessel
exposes collagen fibers;
platelets adhere.
Collagen
fibers
• Platelets release chemicals
that make nearby platelets
sticky; platelet plug forms.
Platelets
Step Coagulation 3
• Fibrin forms a mesh that traps
red blood cells and platelets,
forming the clot.
Fibrin

26. Phase 1
Intrinsic pathway
Extrinsic pathway
Vessel endothelium ruptures,
exposing underlying tissues
(e.g., collagen)
Tissue cell trauma
exposes blood to
Platelets cling and their
surfaces provide sites for
mobilization of factors
Tissue factor (TF)
XII
Ca2+
Figure The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of blood clotting (coagulation) (1 of 2).
XIIa XI
VII
XIa
VIIa IX
Ca2+
IXa
PF3
released by
aggregated
platelets
VIII
VIIIa
IXa/VIIIa complex
TF/VIIa complex X Xa
Ca2+ V
PF3 Va
Prothrombin
activator

27. Prothrombin
activator
Phase 2
Prothrombin (II)
Figure The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of blood clotting (coagulation) (2 of 2).
Thrombin (IIa)
Phase 3
Fibrinogen (I)
(soluble)
Fibrin
(insoluble
polymer)
Ca2+
XIII
XIIIa
Cross-linked
fibrin mesh

31. Septicemia