1. Cardiovascular System
Blood

2. BLOOD Blood flows everywhere through the human body.
We cannot live without it.
The heart pumps blood to all our body cells, supplying them with oxygen and food.
Blood also carries proteins and cell fragments called platelets that let blood clot where there has been an injury.

3. Blood = connective tissue
specialized cells:
(= Formed elements)
RBC’s
WBC’s
Platelets
extracellular
matrix:
Plasma
color ?
volume ?

4. Describe the Five Characteristics of Blood
Blood is a liquid connective tissue
Blood volume
5 to 6 liters for males
4 to 5 liters for females
2. accounts for 7 to 9% of the body weight
3. slightly heavier than water
Viscosity
Resistance to flow
If the number of cells increases
Then resistance to blood flow increases
Then viscosity increases
The blood flow decreases
5. pH is between 7.35 to slightly alkaline

5. Color of Blood Red color White blood cells and platelets Plasma
Red blood cells contain hemoglobin
Oxygenated blood is bright red
Deoxygenated blood is darker red to purple
White blood cells and platelets
Clear and colorless
Plasma
Yellow in color

6. Formed Elements
Platelets
White Blood Cells
Red Blood Cells

7. Functions of Blood A. Transports:
1. Oxygen from the lungs to the body cells
2. Waste products of cellular respiration
a. from the body tissues(CO2)
b. wastes go to the kidneys, liver, lungs & sweat
glands
3. Nutrients
4. Hormones
B. Regulates the following:
1. body temperature
2. pH(buffers) - keeps the pH stable
3. fluid loss(keeps the volume of fluid the same)
4. blood clotting
Protects
Against harmful organisms
antibodies
b. white blood cells

9. Composition of Blood

10. Serum
Liquid portion of blood without the clotting factors

11. PLASMA
Plasma is the liquid part of your blood in which red cells and platelets float.
Plasma is mostly water, but the proteins it contains are necessary for life.
Some of of these proteins are clotting proteins.

12. PLASMA
Plasma transfusion helps hundreds of patients with liver disease, severe burns, hemophilia, and leukemia. Transplant and cardiac patients are also helped by plasma transfusions. Plasma provides essential clotting factors to these patients.

13. Plasma Composition Water 90% Plasma proteins 7% Other solutes 3%
Transports organic and inorganic molecules, formed elements, and heat
Water %
Plasma proteins 7%
Other solutes %

14. Difference between
plasma and serum?
serum = plasma - clotting factors

15. Plasma 3 %-Nutrients Liquid part of blood
Makes up 50% - 60% of the blood
Pale yellow color made up of
90% Water - functions as a solvent
7% - Proteins
3 %-Nutrients
Electrolytes(salts)
Nutrients
Gases
Urea, Uric acid, ammonia

16. Plasma Proteins
Colloid: Liquid containing suspended substances that don’t settle out
A. Albumin: (60%) 1. produced by liver; 2. helps maintain blood volume; carrier molecule for hormones, 3. sterols bilirubin and ions
B. Fibrinogen: 1. (4%) produced by liver; 2. needed for blood clotting
C. Globulins: 1. produced by liver; transports lipids and fat soluble vitamins; 2. alpha and beta globulins; 3. gamma globulins- immunoglobulins, antibodies and helps fight infections

17. Other Solutes
Electrolytes: 1. Examples 1. Na, K, Ca, Cl, bicarbonate, phosphate ions 2. Function 1. Contribute to osmotic pressure of the blood 2. Maintain membrane potential (K & Na for depolarization) 3. Regulation of pH of the body fluids
Nutrients 1. glucose, amino acids, lipids
Waste products 1. nitrogenous wastes 2. lactic acids
Dissolves gases 1. oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen

18. Erythrocytes RBC- red blood cells Lack a nucleus (anucleate) Numbers
23 trillion
4 to 6 million per mm3
Structure
Biconcave
Larger surface area for reabsorption
Provides greater flexibility
million/mm3 blood
they contain hemoglobin

19. RBCs = Erythrocytes Contains hemoglobin a. globular protein
b. carries oxygen
c. consists of:
1. heme group (Fe)
2. polypeptide chains

20. Hemoglobin Consists of:
4 globin molecules: Transport carbon dioxide (carbonic anhydrase involved), nitric oxide
4 heme molecules: Transport oxygen
Iron is required for oxygen transport

21. Structure of Hemoglobin (Hb)
Fe ion in heme group reversibly binds O2
How many oxygen
molecules can 1
Hb molecule
carry? a

22. Hemoglobin Breakdown

23. Erythrocytes Functions Production of the formed elements
Transports oxygen (oxygen binds to hemoglobin)
Transports carbon dioxide
Production of the formed elements
Erythroporetin- hormone to stimulate RBC production
Process called erythropoiesis
Before birth- yolk sac, liver and spleen
After birth- red bone marrow

24. Production of Formed Elements
Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis: Process of blood cell production
Before birth, hemopoiesis occurs mainly in the liver and
spleen but some cells develop in the thymus, lymph nodes,
and red blood cells.
After birth, most production is limited to the red blood
marrow in specific regions, but some white cells are
produced in lymphoid tissue.

25. Erythrocytes Destruction of RBC Life span- 80 to 120 days
Engulfed by macrophages
Heme group converted to bilirubin- bile pigment

26. Erythropoiesis Production of red blood cells
Stem cells proerythroblasts early erythroblasts intermediate late reticulocytes
Erythropoietin: Hormone to stimulate RBC production

27. Lifecycle of RBC:
Low O2 in blood stimulates kidney to produce erythropoietin
Increased erythropoietin in blood
RBC production increase in red bone marrow
New RBC in blood—lasts 120 days
Old, damaged RBC destroyed by
Spleen, liver, bone marrow
Hemoglobin broken down into “heme” and proteins
Iron stored and released into blood
Bilirubin is made in liverinto SI by bilehelps break down “heme”nutrients absorbed from intestines

29. RBC Destruction: No nucleus so does not grow or divide
Life span 120 days
Spleen breaks down old RBC
Iron of hemoglobin stored for reuse
Bilirubin breaks down “heme” group

30. Leukocytes White blood cells Have nuclei but does not have hemoglobin
Able to move about
Diapedeis- move through capillaries
Functions
Destroy microorganisms
Help remove foreign molecules
Remove debris from dead or injured cells and tissues

31. Leukocytes Production of WBC Process called Leukopoiesis Location
Bone marrow
Lymph nodes- T cells and B cells
Life Span- 12 hours to a few days; B and T cells remain in the body for years

32. WBCs = Leukocytes
Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
Quantity and type determined by differential WBC count
Circulating WBCs are only a small fraction of total WBCs. Most are located in ?
Diapedesis
Chemotaxis

33. Leukocytes
Internet

34. Leukocytes
Types
Neutrophils: Most common; phagocytic cells destroy bacteria (60%)
Eosinophils: Detoxify chemicals; reduce inflammation (4%)
Basophils: Alergic reactions; Release histamine, heparin increase inflam. response (1%)
Lymphocytes: Immunity 2 types; b & t Cell types. IgG-infection, IgM-microbes, IgA-Resp & GI, IgE- Alergy, IgD-immune response
Monocytes: Become macrophages

35. Leukocytes

36. Neutrophil 54% to 62% (~ 2/3) of circulating WBCs
First to respond to bacterial invasions
Granulocytes
Cytoplasm contains granules
Nucleus has 3 or 4 lobes
Engulf and destroy microorganisms
Granules contain enzymes that digest microorganisms

37. Neutrophils Back they are granulocytes with light colored granules
they are the most numerous leukocyte and are phagocytic

38. Eosinophil ~ 2% - 4% of circulating WBCs Granulocytes
Cytoplasm contains granules
Nucleus has 2 lobe
# of eosinophils increases
Allergy attacks
Parasitic infections (certain types)
Some autoimmune disease
Certain types of cancer
Contain plasminogen- protein that dissolves blood clots

39. Eosinophils Back they are granulocytes with red granules
they help counteract the effects of histamine

40. Basophils .5% - 1% of circulating WBCs Granulocytes
Difficult to see nucleus
Involved in allergic reactions and inflammation
Cytoplasm contains coarse granules
Granules contain
Heparin- anticoagulant
Histamine
Involved in allergic reaction
Dilates blood vessels in the body
Constricts blood vessels in the lungs

41. Basophils Back they are granulocytes with blue granules
they secrete histamine and heparin
in tissues they are called mast cells

42. Monocyte ~ 3% - 8% of circulating WBCs
Agranulocytes (no cytoplasmic granules)
Largest blood cells
Large, folded nucleus
Mobile phagocytes
Leave blood stream, enlarge and become macrophages
Clean-up debris from infections

43. Monocytes Monocytes are the biggest leukocytes:
Back
Monocytes
Monocytes are the biggest leukocytes:
in tissues they are called macrophages

44. Lymphocytes ~ 20% - 30% of circulating WBCs
Agranulocyte- no cytoplasmic granules
Small cells
Large, round nucleus occupies most of the cell
Found in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils and adenoids

45. Lymphocytes- cont. B cells T cells B stands for bone marrow
Form plasma cells when activated
Plasma cells produce antibodies
T cells
T stands for thymus
Regulate cellular immune response
Secrete chemicals that destroy foreign materials and organisms
Attack viruses, fungi, transplanted cells, cancer cells and bacteria

46. Back
Lymphocytes
they are agranulocytes that have a special role in immune
processes
some attack bacteria directly
others produce antibodies

47. Thrombocytes Platelets Cell fragments- no nucleus
Start blood clot formations
Life span is 7-8 days
Produced in the bone marrow

48. Platelets = Thrombocytes
Cell fragments of Megakaryocytes
(~ 4,000 thrombocytes per Megakaryocyte)
 ~ 160 m
Lifespan ~ no more than 12 days
involved in blood clotting