1. Chapter 21 Blood

2. Plasma (55% of whole blood)
Fig. 21.1
Plasma (55% of whole blood)
Water
92% by weight
Proteins
7% by weight
Other solutes
1% by weight
Albumins 58%
Globulins 37%
Fibrinogen 4%
Regulatory proteins
<1%
Electrolytes
Nutrients
Respiratory gases
Waste products
Whole
blood
Buffy coat (<1% of whole blood)
Leukocytes
4.5–11 thousand
per cubic mm
Platelets
150–400 thousand
per cubic mm 1
Withdraw blood into a syringe and
place it into a glass centrifuge tube.
55%
Lymphocytes
20–40%
Neutrophils
50–70%
<1%
Centrifuge
Formed
elements
Monocytes
2–8%
44%
Eosinophils
1–4%
Basophils
0.5–1%
Erythrocytes (44% of whole blood)
Erythrocytes
4.2–6.2 million per cubic mm
Components of blood separate during centrifugation to reveal plasma, buffy coat, and erythrocytes. 2
Place the tube into a centrifuge and
spin for about 10 minutes. 3

3. Plasma (55% of whole blood)
Fig. 21.1
Plasma (55% of whole blood)
Water
92% by weight
Proteins
7% by weight
Other solutes
1% by weight
Albumins 58%
Globulins 37%
Fibrinogen 4%
Regulatory proteins
<1%
Electrolytes
Nutrients
Respiratory gases
Waste products
55%
<1%
44%

4. Buffy Coat

5. Buffy coat (<1% of whole blood)
Fig. 21.1
Buffy coat (<1% of whole blood)
Leukocytes
4.5–11 thousand
per cubic mm
Platelets
150–400 thousand
per cubic mm
Lymphocytes
20–40%
55%
Neutrophils
50–70%
<1%
Basophils
0.5–1%
44%
Monocytes
2–8%
Eosinophils
1–4%

6. Erythrocytes (44% of whole blood)
Fig. 21.1
Plasma (55% of whole blood)
Buffy coat (<1% of whole blood)
55%
<1%
Erythrocytes (44% of whole blood)
Erythrocytes
4.2–6.2 million per cubic mm
44%

7. Erythrocytes Lymphocyte Neutrophil Monocytes Platelets LM 640x
Fig. 21.2
Erythrocytes
Lymphocyte
Neutrophil
LM 640x
Monocytes
Platelets

8. Lots of surface area for gas exchange.
Fig. 21.3
Sectional view
Superior view
~280 million
hemoglobin
molecules
~0.75 µm
~2.6 µm
~7.5 µm
Red blood cell shape enables them to bend while going through capillaries
Lots of surface area for gas exchange.

9. Some diseases cause RBCs to stick together, forming a roleau
Fig. 21.3
LM 250x
Erythrocytes
Rouleau
Some diseases cause RBCs to stick together, forming a roleau

10. Fig. 21.4
Hemoglobin molecule
α2 globin
chain
β1 globin
chain
H3C
CH2CH2COOH
H2C=CH N Fe
CH3
Heme (a ringed molecule with iron ion [Fe2+] in the center)
β2 globin
chain
α1 globin
chain

11. Hemoglobin molecule Hemoglobin binds to oxygen and carbon dioxide
Fig. 21.4
Hemoglobin molecule
α2 globin
chain
β1 globin
chain
Hemoglobin binds to oxygen and carbon dioxide
binds less well to carbon dioxide
Heme (a ringed molecule with iron ion [Fe2+] in the center)
β2 globin
chain
α1 globin
chain

12. Erythrocytes form in red bone marrow.
Fig. 21.5 1
Erythrocytes form in red bone marrow.

13. Erythrocytes form in red bone marrow.
Fig. 21.5 1
Erythrocytes form in red bone marrow. 2
Erythrocytes circulate in
bloodstream for 120 days.

14. Erythrocytes form in red bone marrow.
Fig. 21.5 1
Erythrocytes form in red bone marrow. 2
Erythrocytes circulate in
bloodstream for 120 days.
Liver
Spleen 3
Aged erythrocytes are phagocytized
in the liver and spleen.

15. Erythrocytes form in red bone marrow.
Fig. 21.5 1
Erythrocytes form in red bone marrow. 2
Erythrocytes circulate in
bloodstream for 120 days. 4
Heme components of blood are recycled.
Heme
(iron ions)
Heme converted
into bilirubin and secreted
in bile
Iron is stored in the liver. . 3
Aged erythrocytes are phagocytized
in the liver and spleen.

16. Erythrocytes form in red bone marrow.
Fig. 21.5 1
Erythrocytes form in red bone marrow. 5
Erythrocyte membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down into amino acids. 2
Erythrocytes circulate in bloodstream for 120 days. 4
Heme components of blood are recycled.
Heme
(iron ions)
Heme converted
into bilirubin and secreted
in bile
Iron is stored in the liver. . 3
Aged erythrocytes are phagocytized
in the liver and spleen.

17. White blood cells are made in the bone marrow
Table 21.3a
LM 1600x
Eosinophil
White blood cells are made in the bone marrow
All derive from one type of germ cell
LM 1600x
LM 1600x
Neutrophil
Basophil
LM 1600x
LM 400x
Lymphocyte
Monocyte

18. Platelets Fibrin Erythrocytes
Fig. 21.9
SEM 5000x
Platelets
Fibrin
Erythrocytes
Platelets stick to injured blood vessel, create pile of platelets, begin clotting process
Fibrin collects over platelets and trapped erythrocytes, creates clot or scab