1. November 22nd Schedule Reminders Correct Reading Guide Reading Quiz
Take-home Exam (GET THREE PARTS!!)
Complete/Supplement Unit VI Study Guide

2. Unit VI - Consciousness
Module 22: Hypnosis
Module 23: Sleep
Module 24: Drug Altered States
*Add notes & examples to your READING guide

3. Levels of Consciousness
Consciousness - An organism’s or individual’s awareness of, or possibility of knowing what is happening inside or outside itself
Subconscious - Consciousness just below the level of awareness. It contains thoughts and ideas just out of our
awareness.
Unconscious - A deeper level of awareness is the unconscious. It contains thoughts and desires about which we have no true or direct knowledge.

4. Module 22: Hypnosis Hypnosis Posthypnotic Amnesia
a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
Posthypnotic Amnesia
supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis
induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion

5. Facts and Falsehoods Can hypnosis work for anyone? NO
Can hypnosis enhance recall of forgotten events? Age regression – relive an earlier experience NO
Can hypnosis force people to act against their will? NO
Can hypnosis be therapeutic? YES
Can hypnosis alleviate pain? YES

6. Explaining Hypnosis

7. DiscPsy p146

8. Module 23:
Sleep Patterns and Sleep Theories

9. Biological Clocks
Biological clocks are internal units that control parts of the body and which are regulated by nature. They operate on free-running cycles (under their own control).
Through entrainment, some cycles can be modified to fit a different rhythm (sleep-wake cycle).

10. Circadian Rhythms
The human body has a natural rhythm or cycle of sleep and wakefulness of 25 hours. Contrast this to the light-dark cycle of 24 hours.
The human circadian rhythm is based on an entrained 24-hour cycle. Most people’s low points (temperature, blood pressure, and weakness) generally fall between 3 a.m. and 5 a.m.

11. Sleep and Dreams REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep recurring sleep stage
vivid dreams
“paradoxical sleep”
muscles are generally
relaxed, but other
body systems are
SUPER active

12. Sleep and Dreams REM SLEEP NREM SLEEP 1. Rapid eye movement
1. Non-rapid eye movement
2. Increases in length as
night’s sleep progresses.
2.Decreases in length as night’s sleep progresses.
3. Vivid dreams
3. Vague, partial images and stories
4. Nightmares
4. Incubus attacks (night terrors)
5. Paralyzed body
5. Sleepwalking & talking in sleep
6. Essential part of sleep for the mind
6. Essential part of sleep for the body

13. Brain Waves and Sleep Stages
Beta Waves
Wide awake waves
Alpha Waves
slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain
Delta Waves
large, slow waves of deep sleep
Hallucinations
false sensory experiences
Sleep Spindles
Begin during stage 2 sleep and increase through the cycle

14. REM Sleep

15. Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Sleep
stages
Awake
Hours of sleep
REM

16. Functions of Sleep
Restoration theory —body wears out during the day and sleep is necessary to put it back in shape
Adaptive theory— sleep emerged in evolution to preserve energy and protect during the time of day when there is little value and considerable danger
Keywords: restoration theory, preservation and protection theory

17. Module 24: Sleep Disorders/Dreams
Insomnia
The inability to either fall asleep and/or stay asleep in the night
#1 Cause – Stress
#2 Cause – Irregular sleep schedule
#3 Cause – Diet/Medications
Narcolepsy:
Genetic sleep disorder
Fall into uncontrollable “sleep attacks” – directly to REM
Muscle paralysis common 
Sleep apnea:
Cessation of breathing while sleeping
(typically 100 – 300 X per night)
Causes: Weight/Obstruction/Smoking/Asthma  

18. Sleep Disorders Nightmares Night Terrors
1. Occurs during REM sleep, usually during the second half of the night.
1. Occurs during NREM sleep, usually during the first hour of the night.
2. Mild physiological changes
2. Drastic bodily changes: breathing & heart rate rise dramatically.
3. Associated with vivid images
3. Associated with panic
4. Most likely to occur during REM rebound.
4. Most likely to occur in children

19. Dreams: Freud Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)
wish fulfillment
discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings
Manifest Content
remembered story line
Latent Content
underlying meaning

20. Dreams As Information Processing REM Rebound helps facilitate memories
REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation

21. Modules 25 and 81: Drugs and Consciousness
Psychoactive Drug
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood
Physical Dependence
physiological need for a drug
marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
Psychological Dependence
a psychological need to use a drug
for example, to relieve negative emotions

22. Dependence and Addiction
Small
Large
Drug dose
Little
effect
Big
Drug
Response to
first exposure
After repeated
exposure, more
drug is needed
to produce
same effect
Tolerance
diminishing effect with regular use
Withdrawal
discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use

23. Psychoactive Drugs Depressants Stimulants
drugs that reduce neural activity
slow body functions
alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
Stimulants
drugs that excite neural activity
speed up body functions
caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine

24. Psychoactive Drugs Hallucinogens
psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
LSD

25. Psychoactive Drugs
Alcohol– in large or small doses it is a depressant. Small doses may indeed, enliven a drinker, but they do so by slowing brain activity that controls judgment and inhibitions. It contributes to the greatest number of deaths.

26. Psychoactive Drugs Opiates
opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin)
opiates depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

27. Psychoactive Drugs Amphetamines
drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

28. Cocaine Euphoria and Crash

29. Psychoactive Drugs Ecstasy (MDMA) LSD THC
synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen
both short-term and long-term health risks
LSD
lysergic acid diethylamide
a powerful hallucinogenic drug
also known as acid
THC
the major active ingredient in marijuana
triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations