1. CANADIAN UNMANNED AIR VEHICLE (UAV) SYSTEM OPERATIONS
DroneFair Calgary 2016
19 June, 2016

2. Overview
Provide an overview of current regulatory regime and the proposed framework for future UAV regulations.

3. What is an Unmanned Air vehicle (UAV) system?
Unmanned Air Vehicle - a power-driven aircraft, other than a model aircraft, that is designed to fly without a human operator on board.
Model Aircraft - an aircraft with a total weight not exceeding 35 kg that is mechanically driven or launched into flight for recreational purposes and not designed to carry persons or other living creatures
A UAV System includes:
the unmanned aircraft (UAV);
any associated control station(s); and
the command and control links
Also known as Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS), Remotely-Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS)….but not DRONES.
The term “drone” is misleading, as there is always a person in the loop.
Automated versus Autonomous.

4. WHAT Authorization is required to operate a UAV
Two ways to legally operate a UAV
Apply for a Special Flight Operations Certificate
Required by the CARs
Operate under an Exemption to the SFOC requirement
2kg or less
Above 2kgs to not exceeding 25kgs

5. Special flight operations certificate (SFOC)
Applications for SFOC are dealt with on a case-by-case basis.
Individual assessments of the associated risks are conducted for each operation before SFOC is issued.
Operating certificates issued once a applicant demonstrates that risks can be managed to an acceptable level.
Operating conditions vary depending on aircraft performance capabilities, mission requirements, operating environment and complexity of the operation.
Applicants are responsible for ensuring that the safety of persons and property on the ground and other airspace users is not jeopardized.
SFOC requirements found in our UAV Staff Instruction

6. Special flight operations certificate (SFOC)
Four types of SFOCs processes
Compliant UAV Operator
Must have compliant UAV, Compliant Pilots and must be deemed a compliant Operator
Restricted – Complex
Higher risk, more complex, foreign operators….doesn’t fall into any other category
Restricted – Simplified
Class G airspace, 3nm from an aerodrome, maximum altitude 300 ft, no closer than 100 ft, no dangerous cargo
Oversized Model Aircraft
MAAC and AMA members flying aircraft greater than 35kgs

7. UAV Exemptions
Two (2) exemptions approved to permit lower-risk UAV operations without an SFOC
2kg or less has 37 conditions
2kg - 25kg has 58 conditions
Only apply to operations in Canadian Airspace
Not applicable to:
Autonomous UAVs, Model Aircraft, Foreign Operators
Those that cannot or choose not to operate under the exemption must apply for an SFOC – regardless of size
An Advisory Circular has been released to provide greater understanding of the conditions.

8. SAMPLE Safety Conditions
At least 5nm away from any aerodrome or built-up area
Below 300 feet
Daylight only
Only in Class G airspace (no forest fire, restricted airspace, air shows)
Maintain visual contact – No First Person View
Always give way to manned aircraft
Specified distances from people, buildings, vehicles etc.
No over-flight of persons
Specified weather limits
Minimum age requirements
Pre-flight planning – Notice to Airmen, site survey, check for radio interference
Specified training requirements
Aircraft safe for flight – maintain in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions
Notification requirements – before flight for 2-25 Kg
Notify after incidents and accidents

9. TCCA’s Strategy and Activities
4/26/2018
TCCA’s Strategy and Activities
TCCA’s has a strategy that includes four pillars to accommodate UAV operations in Canadian airspace with a range of activities:
A Risk-based Foundation
Accommodating
UAV R&D
Enhancing Awareness
Accelerated Rulemaking
2017
A Regulatory Framework for Small UAVs
Ongoing
May 2015
Advancing Phase II (beyond VLOS)
Ongoing
NPA for Small UAVs
Implementing Test Centres with key partners
Ongoing
Communications and Outreach
Fall 2014
Revised Staff Instruction and Advisory Circulars
Fall 2014
Regulatory Exemptions

10. The Risk Based Approach
4/26/2018
The Risk Based Approach
Risk management is a core element in TCCA’s safety program to focus its policies and resources on high risk areas to deliver the greatest safety benefit. TCCA’s approach to regulating UAVs focus on two principal risks:
The risk of a UAV being fatal to people and or damaging property on the ground;
The risk of a UAV to an another aircraft in all phases of flight.
This approach takes into account operational factors, including the size of the aircraft, its location, and the complexity of the operation:
UAV size and physical characteristics (mass and material) can influence the likelihood that the aircraft may injure people, damage property, or damage an aircraft.
Proximity to aerodromes or restricted airspace increases the likelihood of a collision with airspace users.
Operating altitude and/or airspace influences likelihood of a collision with an aircraft or other airspace user.
Operations in built-up areas can increase the likelihood of injury to people and loss of control due to frequency interference.
Aircraft
Location
Operational Complexity
Complex pilot tasks or a complex operating environment can increase the likelihood of an accident.

11. Categorizing Operations
Very Small / Lower Threshold UAVs
Limited operations
(in rural areas and away from populations)
Beyond VLOS
All UAVs
Within Visual Line of Sight (VLOS)
Lower Risk
Higher Risk
Small UAVs (25 kg and below)
Complex operations
(near populated areas, aerodromes and people)
Large UAVs
(above 25 kg)
Unlikely to result in a fatality on the ground.
Negligible payload capacity.
Most recreational activities are with smaller UAVs.
Used in simple non-recreational operations (aerial photography)
Lesser capability to damage aircraft
Capacity to cause fatality or injury to persons on the ground.
Capacity to damage an aircraft
Limited Payload capacity.
Can be used in a variety of environments (rural or urban) for a range of uses:
aerial photography
precision agriculture
pipeline monitoring (within VLOS)
search and rescue
infrastructure management and surveys
Greater capacity to cause fatality or injury to persons on the ground
Greater capacity to damage an aircraft.
Larger payload capacities
Requires significant risk mitigation measures and operational authorization
Highest risk due to inability to avoid collisions with other aircraft or people and property on the ground
Sense and avoid systems are under development
Larger payload capacities
Subject of significant research and development

12. Future regulatory Efforts
Notice of Proposed Amendment released in late May 2015
Addresses 25kgs or less operated within visual line-of-sight
Lays down a framework around which to build the regulations
Proposes three (3) categories
Small – Complex, Small – Limited, Very Small
Better addresses “model aircraft”
Addresses new terminology – Proposing UAS and RPAS
SFOC process remains for operations not covered by the NPA (larger than 25kg, BVLOS, etc)
Beyond Visual Line-of-Sight and Autonomous are out of scope at this time

13. UAV NPA ? X Identification Small – Complex Small – Limited Very Small
Pilot Permit X
Knowledge Test
Medical
Minimum Age
Design Standard
Marking/Registration ?
Identification
Maintenance
Owner/Operator
Operator Certificate
Built-up Areas
Near Aerodromes
Liability Insurance
UAV NPA

14. UAV Challenges Airspace Integration Challenges: Other Challenges:
Reliability of critical systems
All-weather capability
System certification (aircraft, control station and C2 links)
Sufficient and protected spectrum for BVLOS operations
Predictable “lost-link” behaviour
Sense and Avoid Capability - Airborne and Ground based
Human factors (training, aircraft and system design etc.)
Other Challenges:
Illegal operations
Public perception, education and acceptance
Promulgating regulations

15. References
TC UAV Website UAV Staff Instruction TC UAV Exemptions TC UAV Advisory Circulars Safety Alert on Forest Fire Areas Knowledge Requirements for UAV Pilots, 25kgs or less, VLOS Notice of Proposed Amendment

16. QUESTIONS/DISCUSSION

17. Compliant UAVs Declaration of Compliance Issuer Model
Aeryon Labs Inc, Waterloo, ON
Skyranger
SenseFly Ltd, Cheseaux-lausanne Switzerland
EBee
Draganfly Inc, Saskatoon, SK
X4ES
X4P
Guardian
Commander
Infinit Jib Inc, Schomberg, ON
Surveyor 630

18. TP15263 Training Providers School/Training Centre Course #
Humber Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning
CINE 003
Aerobotika Aerial Intelligence Ltd. - Aerobotika UAV Academy
PGS 15-20
Canadian UAVs
Course 201
I/Drone Montreal
091401
Ag Business and Crop Inc
Ag Business & Crop Inc. UAS/UAV training
HarvsAir (pilottraining.ca)
UAV2014 version
MIR Aviation
GENUAV-16
Fanshawe College, School of Aviation Technology
MECH Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Operator Compliance
Indro Robotics Inc.
16REGC03
Olds College or myUAVtraining (a division of IN-FLIGHT Data Inc.)
UAS Level 1 - Unmanned Aerial Systems Civil and Commercial Operations Training
Automated Aeronautics Inc
AAI-UAVCP UAV Compliant Pilot
Waterloo Wellington Flight Centre
UAV Pilot Training
TIER 1 UAV Solutions
UAV Ground School #002

19. UAV NPA – small COmplex
Pilot permit required – includes formal testing
Cat 4 Medical – Self Declaration
Minimum Age
Aircraft to meet a design standard but no flight authority issued
Marking and Registration requirements
Maintenance requirements – owner/operator
No operator certificate issued but must register with TC
Complex operations with many aircraft or many employees
Several operating and flight rules proposed
Day or night operations
Airspace limitations (Restricted, Forest Fire Areas, Class A and B)
ATC coordination requirements
Minimum lateral distances (people, buildings, vehicles, vessels, etc
Maximum Altitudes
Liability Insurance

20. UAV NPA – small Limited
No pilot permit required but knowledge testing required
No medical requirement
Minimum age
Design standard but no flight authority issued
Marking and Registration requirements
Maintenance requirements – owner/operator
No operator certificate issued but must register with TC
Complex operations with many aircraft or many employees
Several operating and flight rules proposed
Day only
Airspace limitations (Only Class G)
Minimum distances from aerodromes and built-up areas
Maximum airspeed of 87 knots
Minimum lateral distances (people, buildings, vehicles, vessels, etc
Maximum Altitudes
Liability Insurance

21. UAV NPA – VERY small
No pilot permit required but knowledge testing required
No medical requirement
Minimum age
No design standard but no flight authority issued
No Marking/Registration requirements - aircraft identification
Maintenance requirements – owner/operator
No operator certificate issued but must register with TC
Complex operations with many aircraft or many employees
Several operating and flight rules proposed
Day only
Airspace limitations (Only Class G)
Minimum distances from aerodromes
Operations in built-up areas
Maximum airspeed of 87 knots
Minimum lateral distances (people, animals, buildings, vehicles, vessels, etc
Maximum Altitudes