1. The Cognitive Level of Analysis Revision
JEOPARDY
The Cognitive Level of Analysis Revision

2. The Cognitive Level of Analysis
General Learning Outcomes
Models of memory
Factors affecting memory
Emotions
Reliability of memory
200
400
600
800
1000
Bonus Question: 5000 pts

3. Topic 1: 200
Question:
State one principle of the Cognitive Level of Analysis.
Answer
Mental representations guide behaviour; cognitive processes can be studied scientifically.
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4. Topic 1: 400
Question:
What method was used by Brown & Kulik in their classic study of Flashbulb memory?
Answer
They used both structured interviews and questionnaires.
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5. Topic 1: 600
Question:
What ethical consideration may have been violated in Loftus’s “Lost in the Mall study?”
Answer
Deception was used in a way that may have broken the trust of the participants and violated their right to informed consent.
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6. Topic 1: 800
Question:
The CLOA says that cognitive processes can be studied. What did the Behaviourists say about this?
Answer
Skinner and other Behaviourists believed that the mind was a “black box” that could not be studied. Only observable behaviour was able to be studied scientifically.
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7. Topic 1: 1000
Question:
Which research method was used by Bartlett in his War of Ghosts study?
Answer
It is a quasi experiment. There is no manipulation of an IV and the procedure does not have a control group.
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8. Topic 2: 200
Question:
According to Atkinson & Schiffrin, how do we transfer information from STM to LTM?
Answer
Through rehearsal.
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9. Topic 2: 400
Question:
What is one thing that schema theory can explain that Atkinson & Shiffrin’s model cannot?
Answer
Memory distortion.
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10. Topic 2: 600
Question:
According to Atkinson & Shiffrin’s model, what are the characteristics of STM?
Answer
STM is limited in both duration and capacity.
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11. Topic 2: 800
Question:
What evidence is there that STM and LTM may be in different memory stores?
Answer
Biological research: HM; Serial Position Effect (Glanzer & Cunitz).
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12. Topic 2: 1000
Question:
What phenomenon does Baddeley & Hitch’s Working Memory Model explain which neither schema theory nor Atkinson & Shiffrin’s model can?
Answer
Multi-tasking. Baddeley & Hitch’s model has different short-term memory stores.
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13. Topic 3: 200
Question:
According to Newcomer et al, how can biology affect memory?
Answer
Newcomer et al showed that higher levels of the stress hormone cortisol can impair transfer of information from STM to LTM.
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14. Topic 3: 400
Question:
According to Cole & Scribner, what effect does education have on memory processing?
Answer
Liberian children who were not schooled did not chunk words on a list into categories to recall them.
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15. Topic 3: 600
Question:
In Martinez & Kesner’s study of acetylcholine, what role did scopolamine play in the study?
Answer
Scopolamine blocked the acetylcholine receptor site. When this was blocked, memories of the maze were not retained
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16. Topic 3: 800
Question:
Research carried out by McGaugh & Cahill found that which hormone may be responsible for creating emotional memories?
Answer
Adrenaline. When they used a beta-blocker, emotional arousal did not lead to the same level of recall of a set of slides.
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17. Topic 3: 1000
Question:
What biological support is there for Rutter’s finding that institutionalized children have lower recall?
Answer
Carion found that children who were abused or neglected had less dense (smaller) hippocampi, which is responsible for the transfer of information from STM to LTM.
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18. Topic 4: 200
Question:
According to Brown & Kulik, which emotion is responsible for flashbulb memories?
Answer
Surprise.
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19. Topic 4: 400
Question:
What does Singer & Schachter’s “Two Factor Theory” say about emotion?
Answer
Emotion is based on emotional arousal and cognitive labeling (cognitive appraisal).
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20. Topic 4: 600
Question:
Which emotion was measured in Speismann’s study of cognitive appraisal?
Answer
None. Speismann measured physiological response and wanted to see if would vary based on the form of appraisal (the IV). They measured heart rate and galvanic skin response.
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21. Topic 4: 800
Question:
Modern day research on Flashbulb Memory shows that which part of the brain may be responsible for the phenomena?
Answer
The amygdala.
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22. Topic 4: 1000
Question:
This theorist argued that there are seven universal emotions, based on what he observed with recognition of facial expressions.
Answer
Paul Eckman.
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23. Topic 5: 200 Question: Why is memory often considered “unreliable?”
Answer
Because it is often reconstructed.
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24. Topic 5: 400
Question:
What did Neisser & Harsch find out about memory in their Challenger study?
Answer
That individuals’ level of confidence was very high for emotional memories, but the accuracy of the information was not highly reliable.
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25. Topic 5: 600
Question:
What did Loftus & Palmer find influenced one’s memory?
Answer
Post-event information. Specifically – leading questions. They changed the intensity of the verb (IV) and found that participants’ estimates of the speed of a car crash varied.
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26. Topic 5: 800
Question:
Name one study that shows that memory is reliable.
Answer
Yuille & Cutshall found that leading questions did not have an effect on recall of an actual crime. Bahrick et al found that people could still recognize faces in a high school year 48 years later with 70% accuracy. Bernsen & Thomsen’s Danish partisan study.
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27. Topic 5: 1000
Question:
Which type of memory appears to be the most reliable and resistant to forgetting?
Answer
Procedural memories.
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28. Bonus Question: 5000 pts. Question:
Plaques, tangles and amyloid proteins are all associated with which cognitive disorder?
Answer
Alzheimer’s disease.
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