1. The Structure and Function of Macromolecules
AP Biology
Crosby High School

2. Polymers
Long chains
Made of Monomers
Dehydration Synthesis
Hydrolysis

3. Carbohydrates Monosaccharide Serve as fuel and C source
Multiples of CH2O
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Hexose, Pentose, Triose
Ketose and Aldose

4. Carbohydrates (cont.) Formed by glycosidic linkages
Maltose = glucose + glucose
Sucrose = glucose + fructose
Lactose = glucose + galactose

5. Carbohydrates (still)
Polysaccharides
Storage
Starch
Stored in plastids
Usually helical
Glycogen
Structural
Cellulose

6. Lipids: Fat Glycerol and Fatty acids Hydrophobic Ester Linkages
Tail: fatty acid
Head: glycerol

7. Saturated vs. Unsaturated
No double bonds
May lead to heart disease
Unsaturated
One or more double bonded C
“Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils”

8. Lipids: Phospholipids
Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, PO4 group
Hydrophobic tail
Hydrophilic head
Assembly in water
Micelle
Phospholipid Bilayer

9. Lipids: Steroids Steroids Cholesterol Precursor of steroids
i.e. Sex hormones

10. Proteins Polypeptides Peptide bonds Amino Acids Two distinct ends
Amino group
Carboxyl group
Hydrogen
R group
Two distinct ends
N-terminus
C-terminus

11. Proteins Structures Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary
Frederick Sanger (1950) and Sanger Sequencing
Secondary
Alpha helix
Beta pleated sheet
Tertiary
Hydrophobic interactions
Disulfide bridges
Quaternary
Aggregate of subunits
Collagen

12. Protein Folding Denaturation Chaperonins X-ray Crystallography pH
Salt concentration
Aqeous  organic solvent
Chemicals that disrupt bonds
heat
Chaperonins
X-ray Crystallography

13. Nucleic Acids Types Inheritance Deoxyribonucleic Acid Ribonucleic Acid
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
Inheritance
Double helix held together by H bonds

14. Nucleic Acids Nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds
Parts of nucleotides
Nitrogenous bases
Pyrimidine
Purine
Pentose
DNA
RNA
Phosphate group

15. Monosaccharides

16. Storage

17. Structure

18. Phospholipids

19. Non-polar a.a

20. Polar a.a

21. Primary Structure

22. Secondary

23. Tertiary

24. Quaternary

25. Protein Folding

26. Nucleotide Components

27. Nucleic Acid