1. Biochemistry

2. Ch 2: chemistry basics
Ch 3: Water
Ch 4: Properties of Carbon
Ch 5: Biological macromolecules

3. Elements in the Body 96.3% 3.7% Trace elements O, C, H, N
Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg
Trace elements
B, Cr, Co, Cu, F, I, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Si, Sn, V, Zn

4. Nucleus
Protons
Neutrons
Electron cloud
Electrons

5. Numbers Atomic number = number of protons
Mass number: protons + neutrons
Atomic mass: decimal number

6. Bohr Models
P 36

7. Bonds Covalent Ionic Sharing electrons Between nonmetals
Transfer of electrons
Between metals and nonmetals

8. Hydrogen bond
Is a polar attraction

9. Reactions

10. Water Cohesive Adhesive High specific heat Polar Hydrogen bonds
Universal solvent

11. pH
<7 acid: High [H+]
>7 base: Low [H+]
7 neutral

12. Carbon
Miller - Urey Experiment

13. Isomers
Structural
Cis-trans (geometric)
Enantiomers

14. Structural isomers

15. cis-trans isomers

16. Enantiomers: mirror images

17. Hydroxyl: -OH (alcohols)

18. Carbonyl: C=O

19. Aldehydes:

20. Ketone

21. Carboxyl: COO- or -COOH

22. Amino: -NH2

23. Sulfhydryl: -SH (Thiols)

24. Phosphate: PO4

25. Methyl: CH3

26. Amide

27. Ether:

28. Carbon chain names Methyl (Form) Ethyl (Acet) Propyl Butyl Pentyl
Hexyl

29. Compound name endings Alcohols: ol Aldehydes: al Ketones: one
Sugar: ose
Enzyme: ase

30. Dehydration synthesis

31. Hydrolysis

32. Carbohydrates
Fuel
Building material

33. Aldose and Ketose

34. Disaccharide 2 monosaccharides Glycosidic linkage
Sucrose = glucose + fructose
Maltose = glucose + glucose
Lactose = glucose + galactose

35. Polysaccharides
Storage:
Starch
Glycogen
Structural:
Cellulose
Chitin

36. Lipids Energy storage Not water soluble Protection Cell membranes
Hormones

37. Lipids Fats: glycerol + 3 fatty acids Saturated: Unsaturated:
only single C-C bonds
Animal origin
Unsaturated:
C=C double bonds
Plant origin
Hydrogenated vegetable oil
Trans fats

38. Formation of ester
Ester bond

39. Fats

40. Fats

41. Phospholipids Form bilayers Hydrophilic head: outside
Hydrophobic tail: inside

42. Steroids Hormones Precurser is cholesterol Sex hormones
Adrenal cortex hormones

43. Steroid skeleton

44. Proteins Structure and movement Transport Immunity Enzymes Hormones
Receptors

45. Primary Protein Structure
Linear chain of amino acids
Linked by peptide bonds (dehydration synthesis)

46. Secondary Protein Structure
Hydrogen bonding between atoms in the backbone
a helix
b sheet

47. Secondary Structure

48. Tertiary Structure Interaction of amino acid R groups (side chains)
Disulfide bridges (cysteine)
Hydrophobic interaction

49. Tertiary Structure

50. Quartenary Structure Multiple polypeptides aggregate
Hemoglobin is a globular protein composed of 4 polypeptide chains

51. Denaturation Breakdown of protein shape due to: pH changes Heat
Salt content
Medium polarity change

52. Protein folding Chaperonins: assist in proper folding
Alzheimers, Parkinson’s, and mad cow disease result from misfolded proteins

53. Nucleic acids Made of nucleotides DNA and RNA Phosphate
Sugar (pentose)
Nitrogenous base
DNA and RNA

54. The nitrogenous bases Purines: double ring Pyrimidines: single ring
Adenine
Guanine
Pyrimidines: single ring
Cytosine
Thymine (in DNA)
Uracil (in RNA)