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PS210 History of Psychology Unit 6

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1 PS210 History of Psychology Unit 6
 I just want to mention briefly that the discussion boards this week are a CLA assignment, so please make sure you answer all parts of the question. Please take a look at the Course Level Assessment section under course home. Here you will find the CLA rubric for each of the CLA assignments in the course. Take a look at this and make sure you are doing everything you can to achieve “Mastery” for this assessment Nichola Cohen Ph.D.

2 What is behaviorism?

3 What is behaviorism? Based on stimulus-response patterns

4 How did work with animals influence behaviorism?
What is behaviorism? Based on stimulus-response patterns How did work with animals influence behaviorism?

5 How did work with animals influence behaviorism?
What is behaviorism? School of thought based on stimulus-response patterns How did work with animals influence behaviorism? Does anyone know the story of Clever Hans? It was thought that he could solve complex mathematical problems by tapping out the answers with his hoof It was later revealed that his owner had unintentionally conditioned him to make the correct responses Why do you think that this example is important for behaviorism? It demonstrated a case of unintentional conditioning, which is at the core of behaviorism It illustrates the importance of controlled experimentation in animal psychology Animals are capable of learning and their behavior can be modified The report by Pfungst influenced Watson to promote a Psychology dealing with behavior. Animals demonstrated conditioned behavioral responses Example – Clever Hans

6 Edward Lee Thorndike What were Thorndike’s contributions to behaviorism?

7 Edward Lee Thorndike Studied connection between situations and responses (connectionism) Thorndike puzzle box

8 Edward Lee Thorndike Studied connection between situations and responses (connectionism) Thorndike puzzle box Animal has to learn specific behaviors (e.g. operate a latch) to escape from a box Animal will 1st display random behaviors and then stumble across correct behavior by accident. Random behaviors will be displayed less until learning is complete Measured number of incorrect responses and time to escape Although he did develop his theory with an objective frame of reference, he continued to invoke mental processes when discussing the behavior of animals, such as satisfaction, annoyance, discomfort Does anyone know what Thorndike called this type of learning?

9 Edward Lee Thorndike Studied connection between situations and responses (connectionism) Thorndike puzzle box Animal has to learn specific behaviors (e.g. operate a latch) to escape from a box Animal will 1st display random behaviors and then stumble across correct behavior by accident. Random behaviors will be displayed less until learning is complete Measured number of incorrect responses and time to escape Trial and accidental success (trial and error learning)

10 Edward Lee Thorndike Studied connection between situations and responses (connectionism) Thorndike puzzle box Animal has to learn specific behaviors (e.g. operate a latch) to escape from a box Animal will 1st display random behaviors and then stumble across correct behavior by accident. Random behaviors will be displayed less until learning is complete Measured number of incorrect responses and time to escape Trial and accidental success (trial and error learning) Law of effect:

11 Edward Lee Thorndike Studied connection between situations and responses (connectionism) Thorndike puzzle box Animal has to learn specific behaviors (e.g. operate a latch) to escape from a box Animal will 1st display random behaviors and then stumble across correct behavior by accident. Random behaviors will be displayed less until learning is complete Measured number of incorrect responses and time to escape Trial and accidental success (trial and error learning) Law of effect: acts that produce a positive outcome become associated with the situation, so when the situation recurs, the act is more likely to recur

12 Edward Lee Thorndike Studied connection between situations and responses (connectionism) Thorndike puzzle box Animal has to learn specific behaviors (e.g. operate a latch) to escape from a box Animal will 1st display random behaviors and then stumble across correct behavior by accident. Random behaviors will be displayed less until learning is complete Measured number of incorrect responses and time to escape Trial and accidental success (trial and error learning) Law of effect: acts that produce a positive outcome become associated with the situation, so when the situation recurs, the act is more likely to recur Law of exercise:

13 Edward Lee Thorndike Studied connection between situations and responses (connectionism) Thorndike puzzle box Animal has to learn specific behaviors (e.g. operate a latch) to escape from a box Animal will 1st display random behaviors and then stumble across correct behavior by accident. Random behaviors will be displayed less until learning is complete Measured number of incorrect responses and time to escape Trial and accidental success (trial and error learning) Law of effect: acts that produce a positive outcome become associated with the situation, so when the situation recurs, the act is more likely to recur Law of exercise: the more the situation and response are associated, the stronger the connection; the less they are associated the weaker the connection Use it or lose it! Can anyone come up with any examples of this type of learning? One example I have is with one of my cats. He is absolutely obsessed with anything plastic – he loves to eat rubber bands, rubber gloves, you name it he will eat it. Over time he learned to open one of our cupboards where we keep our cleaning products and found himself a rubber glove. We no longer keep the rubber gloves in that cupboard, yet he still opens the cupboard. In fact he now continues to open all our cupboard doors. I hope that one day the behavior will get extinguished as he no longer can get the rubber gloves.

14 Ivan Pavlov what is he known for?

15 Ivan Pavlov Classical conditioning
What led to the Pavlovian concept of classical conditioning?

16 Ivan Pavlov Classical conditioning
Accidental discovery – noticed that dogs secrete saliva before they receive food When food is placed in an animals mouth it will reflexively salivate What did Pavlov call this?

17 Ivan Pavlov Classical conditioning
Accidental discovery – noticed that dogs secrete saliva before they receive food When food is placed in an animals mouth it will reflexively salivate – innate / unconditioned reflex

18 Ivan Pavlov Classical conditioning
Accidental discovery – noticed that dogs secrete saliva before they receive food When food is placed in an animals mouth it will reflexively salivate – innate / unconditioned reflex Salivating at the sight of food is not reflexive, it is learned What did pavlov call this?

19 Ivan Pavlov Classical conditioning
Accidental discovery – noticed that dogs secrete saliva before they receive food When food is placed in an animals mouth it will reflexively salivate – innate / unconditioned reflex Salivating at the sight of food is not reflexive, it is learned – conditional/conditioned response They used many different stimuli – buzzers, lights etc and got the same results Can you come up with an example in your own life of when you have used the principles of classical conditioning (either voluntarily or involuntarily)? One example I have is that I recently had an old filling replaced in one of my back teeth, this initially caused the tooth to be incredibility sensitive and I would wince any time something cold came in contact with my tooth. Now the tooth is fine, but I was at the dentist recently and they squirted cold water on the tooth. I winced and she was worried that she had hurt me – she hadn’t hurt me at all, it is just a conditioned response I now have to cold water hitting that tooth.

20 Who is the founding father of behaviorism?

21 Who is the founding father of behaviorism?
John Watson Basic ideas did not originate with him, but he organized and promoted it According to Watson, what was behaviorism?

22 Who is the founding father of behaviorism?
John Watson Basic ideas did not originate with him, but he organized and promoted it According to Watson, what was behaviorism? Psychology dealing only with observable, behavioral acts Things should be described in terms of stimulus and response Rejected concepts such as consciousness “has never been seen, touched, smelled, tasted or moved. It is a plain assumption just as unprovable as the old concept of the soul” Do you agree with him?

23 Little Albert experiment
What did this study show?

24 Little Albert experiment
He demonstrated that you could elicit a conditioned emotional response to a previously neutral stimulus Concluded that adult fears, anxieties and phobias are established in infancy

25 Little Albert experiment
He demonstrated that you could elicit a conditioned emotional response to a previously neutral stimulus Concluded that adult fears, anxieties and phobias are established in infancy yE What did you think of that? Yeah, poor kid. So the experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that we can elicit an emotional response to a previously neutral stimulus Is it possible to do the opposite?

26 Peter and the rabbit Mary Cover Jones asked – can fear responses be eliminated? 3 year old Peter had a fear of rabbits Over a series of trials (lasting weeks) a rabbit was brought into the room with Peter and gradually moved closer They were able to eliminate his fear response Precursor to behavior therapy

27 Watson and child-rearing
Watson applied his principles of behaviorism to child rearing – does anyone know what he said about child rearing?

28 Watson and child-rearing
Watson’s views on children “never hug or kiss them, never let them sit on your lap. If you must, kiss them once on the forehead when they say goodnight. Shake hands with them in the morning. Give them a pat on the head if they have made an extraordinarily good job of a difficult task…you will find how easy it is to be perfectly objective with your child and at the same time kindly. You will be utterly ashamed of the mawkish, sentimental way you have been handling it” So, what do you think of that? Yes, I think most of us would be opposed to this way of raising children But at the time, he was hugely influential I know when I speak to my parents they describe a upbringing that was very in line with Watson’s advice Thankfully they did not adopt the same strategy for bringing me up Watson had 2 sons, and they both suffered from major depression, one committed suicide – I think this is testimony to the fact that this is not a good way to raise children.

29 Watson on instincts Watson on emotions
Initially believed in instincts, but later rejected the concept and argued that all behaviors are conditioned responses Watson on emotions Merely physiological responses to stimuli E.g. heart racing in response to a threat is a learned response Denied conscious perception of the emotion Infants show 3 unlearned emotional response patterns (fear, rage and love), other emotions are compounded through these through conditioning

30 What ethical issues should be considered when conducting research on behavior?

31 What ethical issues should be considered when conducting research on behavior?
What are the benefits? What are the risks? Do the benefits outweigh the risks?

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