1. Axial Skeleton Review Sheet
Quiz 11/16

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The Axial Skeleton
Forms the longitudinal axis of the body
Divided into three parts
_______________
_________column
______________
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The Skull
Two sets of bones
____________________
___________________
Hold eyes in anterior position
Allow facial muscles to express feelings
Bones are joined by _________
Only the _________ is attached by a freely movable joint
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The Skull
8 cranial bones protect the brain
1. _________bone
2. _________bone
3. _________bone
4. __________bone
5–6. ________bones (pair)
7–8. ________bones (pair)
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The Skull
There are 14 facial bones. All are paired except for the single mandible and vomer.
1–2. _________
3–4. __________
5–6. ___________
7–8. ______________
9–10. ________________
11–12. Inferior ______conchae
13. _________
14. _____________
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Paranasal Sinuses
Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
Functions of paranasal sinuses
_________________
____________sounds made as we speak
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The Hyoid Bone
Closely related to ____________ and ___________bones
The only bone that does not ____________with another bone
Serves as a movable base for the ___________
Aids in __________and ____________
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The Fetal Skull
The fetal skull is large compared to the infant’s total body length
Fetal skull is 1/4 body length compared to adult skull, which is 1/8 body length
Fontanels are fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones
Allow skull compression during birth
Allow the brain to grow during later pregnancy and infancy
Convert to bone within 24 months after birth
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9. Vertebral Column (Spine)
Vertebral column provides axial support
Extends from skull to the pelvis
26 single vertebral bones are separated by intervertebral discs
7 cervical vertebrae are in the neck
12 thoracic vertebrae are in the chest region
5 lumbar vertebrae are associated with the lower back
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10. Vertebral Column (Spine)
9 vertebrae fuse to form two composite bones
Sacrum formed by the fusion of 5 vertebrae
Coccyx (tailbone) formed by the fusion of 3 to 5 vertebrae
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11. Vertebral Column (Spine)
Primary curvatures
Spinal curvatures of the thoracic and sacral regions
Present from birth
Form a C-shaped curvature as in newborns
Secondary curvatures
Spinal curvatures of the cervical and lumbar regions
Develop after birth
Form an S-shaped curvature as in adults
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12. Vertebral Column (Spine)
Parts of a typical vertebra
Body (centrum)
Vertebral arch
Pedicle
Lamina
Vertebral foramen
Transverse processes
Spinous process
Superior and inferior articular processes
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The Bony Thorax
Forms a cage to protect major organs
Consists of three parts
Sternum
Ribs
True ribs (pairs 1–7)
False ribs (pairs 8–12)
Floating ribs (pairs 11–12)
Thoracic vertebrae
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14. The Appendicular Skeleton
Composed of 126 bones
__________(appendages)
__________girdle
_________ girdle
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15. The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
Composed of two bones that attach the upper limb to the axial skeletal
_______
_________
Pectoral girdle (2)
Light, poorly reinforced girdle
Allows the upper limb a great deal of freedom
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16. Bones of the Upper Limbs
Humerus
Forms the arm
Single bone
Proximal end articulation
_________________________________________________
Distal end articulation
__________________________________________________
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17. Bones of the Upper Limbs
The forearm has two bones
Ulna—medial bone in anatomical position
Proximal end articulation
____________________________________________
Radius—lateral bone in anatomical position
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18. Bones of the Upper Limbs
Hand
Carpals—wrist
_______________________________________
Metacarpals—palm
__________________________________________
Phalanges—fingers and thumb
_________________ phalanges in each hand
In each finger, there are __ bones
In the thumb, there are only ___ bones
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19. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
Formed by 2 coxal (ossa coxae) bones
Composed of three pairs of fused bones
_____________
____________
_______________
Pelvic girdle  2 _________ bones, _________
Bony pelvis  2 _________ bones, __________, ___________
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20. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
Pelvis protects several organs
____________ organs
____________________
Part of the _______________________
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21. Gender Differences of the Pelvis
Inlet is larger and more circular
Pelvis as a whole is shallower, and the bones are lighter and thinner
Ilia flare more laterally
Sacrum is shorter and less curved
Ischial spines are shorter and farther apart; thus, the outlet is larger
Pubic arch is more rounded because the angle of the pubic arch is greater
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22. Bones of the Lower Limbs
The _____________—thigh bone
The heaviest, strongest bone in the body
Proximal end articulation
__________________________________________
Distal end articulation
_________________________________________
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23. Bones of the Lower Limbs
The lower leg has two bones
__________—shinbone; larger and medially oriented
Proximal end articulation
_________________________________________
______________ - thin and sticklike; lateral to the tibia
____________________________________
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24. Bones of the Lower Limbs
Tarsals—___ bones
Two largest tarsals
Calcaneus (heel bone)
Talus
Metatarsals—___ bones form the sole of the foot
Phalanges- _____ bones form the toes
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Arches of the Foot
Bones of the foot are arranged to form three strong arches
Two ____________
One ____________
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