1. Holding Procedures

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Overview
What is a Hold?
Holding Fixes
Holding Clearances
Holding Techniques
Crosswind Correction
Timing Correction
Holding Speeds
Entries
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What is a Hold
JIC 5-39
Method of delaying airborne aircraft to help maintain separation for smooth traffic flow
When there are weather delays
When traffic becomes congested
At the end of published missed approaches
Used to climb in a departure procedure
Used at end of a flight plan if there is a loss of communications with ATC
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4. Standard Holding Pattern
JIC 5-40
Racetrack shaped maneuver
Typically consists of two 1-minute legs with standard rate turns in between them
Above 14,000 feet, holds are flown at 1 ½ min legs
Legs can be designated with longer time or a specific distance
Standard – turns to the right
Non-standard – turns to the left
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Holding Fix
JIC 5-40
Over a VOR or NDB
Over an intersection or DME fix
Over a GPS waypoint
On an airway
On a localizer
On a departure
On an arrival
On an approach
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6. Holding Pattern Clearance
IFH 10-11
Cardinal direction (“hold south of…”)
Holding fix (“the Melbourne VOR”)
Specified radial/course/airway (“on the 180 radial”)
Leg Length (“2 mile legs” if DME hold)
Left or right turns (“right turns” may be omitted)
Specified altitude (if different from current)
Expect Further Clearance (EFC) time
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Further Instructions
IFH 10-11
ATC will issue further instructions if:
A revised EFC is necessary
Delay will be more than 1 hour
Weather changes at destination
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8. Outbound and Inbound Timing
JIC 5-41
The challenge is to make the inbound leg exactly 1 minute in length
Do this by adjusting the outbound leg for wind
If inbound leg is only 45 seconds, add the 15 seconds to the outbound leg
New outbound leg becomes 1 minutes and 15 seconds
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9. Crosswind Corrections
JIC 5-42
If you fail to adjust the hold for crosswind, you may overshoot the inbound course or undershoot it
Therefore, you must adjust for crosswind
Determine the correction needed to maintain your inbound leg
Triple that correction for your outbound leg
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10. Maximum Holding Speeds
JIC 5-44
Speed limits are mandatory to limit the amount of airspace that ATC must protect
Minimum holding altitude:
6000’ KIAS
6001’ to 14,000’ 230 KIAS
Above 14,000’ 265 KIAS
Start slowing to below maximum holding speed when within 3 minutes of the holding fix
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11. Holding Pattern Entries
JIC 5-46
No entry is required – you may use any entry you wish
The following entries are recommended by the AIM
The entries are:
Direct
Teardrop
Parallel
Feel free to change adjust as needed
On the border of a teardrop and parallel, I always prefer teardrop
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Obj. Op.
Turn (to the specified heading according to entry)
Time (start you timing)
Twist (turn the OBS selector to the inbound course)
Throttle (if needed reduce power to conserve fuel)
Talk (report entering the hold at time and altitude)
Test (check the heading indicator to the compass)
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Determining the Entry
JIC 5-46
Draw the fix, the radial and the direction of turns
On outbound leg, 1/3 away from fix mark a point
Draw line from fix to point, and line through course
Determine your position from fix and where you fall in
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14. Direct Entry Procedure
JIC 5-46
Approaching the holding fix from anywhere in sector (c)
Pass over the station and turn directly to follow the holding pattern
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Teardrop Procedure
JIC 5-47
Approaching the holding fix from anywhere in sector (b)
Pass over the fix, turn 30º toward the holding side
Fly for one minute
Then turn in the direction of the holding pattern to intercept the inbound course
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Parallel Procedure
JIC 5-47
Approaching the holding fix from anywhere in sector (a)
Pass over the fix and turn parallel the outbound course
Fly outbound for 1 minute
Turn in the direction of the holding pattern more than 180 degrees, and return to the holding fix or intercept the holding course inbound
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17. Holding Pattern Practice
You’re tracking to RIL VOR
“Hold west of the Horst intersection on Victor 8, 5 mile Legs, left turns, expect further clearance at 1430.”
What type of entry?
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18. Holding Pattern Practice
You’re tracking to RIL VOR on V8
“Hold East of the RIFLE VOR on the 090 radial, expect further clearance at 1215.”
What type of entry?
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19. Holding Pattern Practice
You’re tracking to RIL VOR on V8
“Hold East of the RIFLE VOR on the 090 radial, left turns, expect further clearance at ”
What type of entry?
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20. Final Thoughts on Holding
Obj. Op.
Make sure you report established in the hold when you are established
ATC will keep airspace protected until you report established
After that, only a certain part of airspace is protected
Protected
Unprotected
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References
JIC Jeppesen Instrument/Commercial: Guided Flight Discovery
Obj. Op. Objective Opinion
14 CFR Federal Aviation Regulations
IFH Instrument Flying Handbook (FAA-H A)
IPG Jeppesen Instrument Procedures Guide
L-Chart No formal description in text, but found on L-Charts
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