1. Tudor
England
& the Reformation

2. Essential Question:
How effective was Henry VIII versus his daughter Elizabeth I in dealing with domestic issues in Tudor England?

3. King Henry Tudor VIII
Born: June 28, 1491, to King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York.
Coronation: June 24th, 1509 with his wife Katherine of Aragon. 
Died: January 28th, 1547 at age 56
Henry was the first King to use “your majesty” as his title

4. Young Life "Defender of the Faith“
Henry was raised to be a pious and devout Catholic
"Defender of the Faith“
He did not enjoy his father’s stoic and unexciting ruling style, instead favoring exciting court life.
Wrote poetry
Henry had no particular interest in governing at all, preferring sport and arts.

5. Court Life
Henry loved the extravagance and excitement of the court drama.

6. Catherine of Aragon (1509-1533)
Henry’s Wives
Catherine of Aragon ( )
Anne Boleyn ( )
Jane Seymour ( )
-Henry spent much of his energy in his social life in the courts, marrying six times in total.
Anne of Cleves (1540)
Catherine Howard ( )
Katherine Parr ( )

7. Cardinal Thomas Wolsey
Archbishop of York
Wolsey was quite capable as Lord Chancellor, (more his own interests)
Led the Church in England after being given powers by Henry to bypass the church hierarchy.
Failed to get an annulment for Henry
Fell out of favor
Cardinal Wolsey virtually ruled England when he was the Lord Chancellor

8. The “King’s Great Matter”
Married to Catherine of Aragon for twenty years
Obsessed with creating a male heir
Sought an annulment of his marriage.
Cardinal Wolsey tried to obtain Pope Clement VII’s permission, but was unable.
Henry created the Reformation by using Parliament
Clement was indebted to the Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and nephew of Catherine, Henry’s wife

9. Thomas Cromwell and Thomas Cranmer
Archbishop of Canterbury
dealt with and guided changes in ecclesiastical policy and oversaw the dissolution of the monasteries.
Cromwell
Lord Chancellor
created new government departments to keep track of revenue and keep up to date records.
Oversaw Reformation Parliament
Henry surrounded himself with smart men since he himself had no aptitude for governing.

10. Reformation Parliament
The break from Rome was accomplished through law, not social outcry.
Annulment from the Pope was deemed impossible.
Religious reform movements existed in England
Continental Protestantism had yet to find favor with the English people.
The king moved away from the medieval idea of ruler as chief lawmaker and overseer of civil behavior, to the modern idea of ruler as the ideological icon of the state.

11. The Acts An Act of Submission of the Clergy (1534)
prevented the Church from making any regulations without the King's consent.
The Ecclesiastical Appointments Act (1534)
required the clergy to elect Bishops nominated by the Sovereign.
The Act of Supremacy (1534)
declared that the King was "the only Supreme Head in Earth of the Church of England“
The Pope responded to these events by excommunicating Henry in July 1533.

12. The Acts The Treasons Act (1534)
made it high treason, punishable by death, to refuse to acknowledge the King as the Church leader.
Act of Succesion (1534)
Rejecting the decisions of the Pope, Parliament validated the marriage between Henry and Anne.
The Pope responded to these events by excommunicating Henry in July 1533. 12

13. Dissolution of Monasteries
Broken up and sold off.
1520s, some monasteries paid for colleges like Oxford
1535-6, another 200 smaller monasteries were dissolved
1539, England's remaining monasteries dissolved, and their property transferred to the Crown.  
As a result, Crown revenues doubled for a few years.

14. Henry’s Church Henry’s religious policies were somewhat confusing
He considered himself a Catholic until the end of his life.
Structure of the Church of England was established…but few things changed theologically.
Henry's specific religious policies were very unclear; no one knew the exact definition of heresy, it was whatever Henry demanded at the time.

15. Henry’s Church STRUCTURE THEOLOGY Act of Succession Catholic doctrine
Act of Supremacy
Monarch is the head of the church
Treason Act
Dissolved Monasteries
THEOLOGY
Catholic doctrine
10 Articles
Six Articles Act
Transubstantiation
Clerical Celibacy

16. Act of Union- Wales
1536, England legally annexed Wales, uniting England and Wales into one nation.
This greatly insulted the number of people who still spoke the Welsh language.

17. Succession The Act of Succesion (1544)
Henry gave the crown to his only surviving son, Edward
Edward was the first Protestant monarch to rule England.
Mary
Elizabeth
Descendants of Henry VIII's deceased sister, Mary Tudor
This Act gave Mary and Elizabeth the titles of Princess, whereas before, they had been Ladies.

18. How He Left the Country Impoverished country
Torn apart by religious squabbles.
The monasteries' wealth was spent on wars
Also built up the economic strength of the aristocracy and other families in the counties
 Ambitious Tudor court factions

19. The English Reformation after Henry
Edward VI Mary I Elizabeth I

20. Edward VI (r.1547-1553) Moved Anglican Church towards Protestantism
Book of Common Prayer

21. Mary I
(r )
Age 37
Goal-Restore the Catholic Church to England
Provoked great fear and opposition

22. Mary I Reasserted Papal authority
Execution of more than 300 Protestants earned her the nickname “Bloody Mary”

23. Mary I Instituted “reeducation in the universities
Abolished Protestant worship
Did not attempt to regain monastic properties

24. Campaign Against the Protestants
Almost 800 Protestants fled England (Marian Exiles)
Repression caused more to become Protestant

25. Queen Elizabeth Tudor I
Born: September 7, 1533
(r )
Died: March 24, 1603 at age 69
-Henry was devastated with Elizabeth’s birth because he had been hoping for a son and an heir to his throne. When Anne Boleyn was declared null and void, Elizabeth was declared illegitimate and she no longer held a place in the line of succession
-Later, Henry reinstated his daughters in the line of succession
-She had a special flare for languages, and by adulthood, she could reputedly speak five languages fluently.
- Her last stepmother, Katherine Parr, made sure that Elizabeth and her brother Edward were well-educated

26. 'Proud and haughty, as although she knows she was born of such a mother, she nevertheless does not consider herself of inferior degree to the Queen, whom she equals in self-esteem; nor does she believe herself less legitimate than her Majesty, alleging in her own favour that her mother would never cohabit with the King unless by way of marriage, with the authority of the Church.... She prides herself on her father and glories in him; everybody saying that she also resembles him more than the Queen does and he therefore always liked her and had her brought up in the same way as the Queen.'  
the Venetian ambassador Giovanni Michiel describes Elizabeth; spring 1557
- This quote was given when Elizabeth was 24 years old, the year before she became Queen herself.
- The reference to a queen in this passage is her sister Mary.

27. Pre-Ruling Conflicts
Before becoming Queen, as a Protestant, clashed with Mary I
Implicated in a plot to overthrow the young King Edward by his uncle Thomas Seymour.
In the Wyatt Rebellion of 1554, Queen Mary accused Elizabeth of being in the plot to overthrow her.
- Elizabeth was thought to be part of this plot because Thomas was widely known in his affection or the young princess.
- While Mary was Queen, she was frequently suspicious of Elizabeth and constantly thought that Elizabeth and other Protestants would try to overthrow her.

28. Elizabeth’s Refusal to Marry
Most thought she’d marry within her first year or so as Queen.
Valued her independence and didn’t feel she needed a man to guide her.
Politically difficult to choose a suitable husband. Why???
The Privy Council, whose job it was to choose a husband for the Queen, was too divided to ever agree on a suitable mate.
This made it much easier for Elizabeth to refuse any marriage suggestions or proposals.
'Everything depends upon the husband this woman takes.' -the Spanish ambassador De Feria, 1560
Elizabeth’s unwillingness to marry could have come from the sight of the unsuccessful marriages of her father or a fear of dying in childbirth.
Another reason for not marrying could have just been that she was simply not a romantic person, she was pragmatic and harsh.

29. State of Affairs in 1558
'The Queen poor; the realm exhausted; the nobility poor and decayed; want of good captains and soldiers; the people out of order; justice not executed; justices of peace unmeet for office; all things dear; excess of meat and drink, and apparel; division among ourselves; war with France and Scotland; the French King, having one foot in Calais and the other in Scotland; steadfast enmity, but no steadfast friendship abroad.' 
An anonymous contemporary observer in 1558
The conflicting beliefs of King Edward and Queen Mary had left England in a sorry state of affairs at the beginning of her reign.

30. Re-Establishing Protestantism
Re-established the Protestant Church in England.
Believed in toleration of all religions.
Often forced to take a harsher stance on punishment of Catholics because of the schism between the two sects.
‘There is only one Christ, Jesus, one faith… all else is a dispute over trifles.’
-Although she re-established Protestantism, Elizabeth had no problem with Catholics believing whatever they wanted to, as long as they obeyed er as Queen
-in this way, she was a realpolitique

31. The Act of Supremacy
Gave Elizabeth ultimate control of the Church of England.
"Supreme Governor of the Church in England". 
Also included an oath of loyalty to the Queen that the clergy were expected to take.
If they did not take it, then they would lose their office. 
-The change may have been made to appease Catholics who could not accept the monarch as "Head of the Church", seeing the church as the Pope's domain, or it may have been made because Elizabeth was a woman.

32. Politique
Cared more about citizens simply obeying the laws and not of what religion they were.
Ruler who governed without letting his or her personal feelings get in the way of doing what was best for his country

33. The Act of Uniformity Implemented in the summer of 1559
Crux of Elizabethan Church, establishing a set form of worship.
The Prayer books of Edward VI were fused into one, and were to be used in every church in the land.
Church attendance on Sundays and holy days was made compulsory.
-There was a twelve pence fine collected if people did not attend church and this money was given to the poor.
-became a remarkable success

34. The Act of Uniformity
The wording of the Communion was to be vague so that Protestants and Catholics could both participate,
Had trouble getting passed through Parliament.
A large number of the Parliament, extremists on both sides, opposed the bill
-There was a twelve pence fine collected if people did not attend church and this money was given to the poor.
-became a remarkable success

35. direct conflict with the monarchy
Puritans
Puritans put power in the local parish, above anything else =>
direct conflict with the monarchy
The Church of England was more dedicated to England and the Queen than to God, which troubled Protestants
Elizabeth's government was able to keep the Puritan movement underground. 

36. Advisors
Elizabeth was especially gifted at choosing smart people to help her lead.
Sir William Cecil Secretary of State
Sir Francis Walsingham, The Queen’s Spymaster
-The role of the secretary was mainly advising the Queen, overseeing the preservation of law and order, defending the realm against plots, and genera security
- William Cecil joined Elizabeth as her chief advisor in 1558 and then served her until he died in 1598.
- He was her major confidante and considered one of the greatest statesman in English history. -

37. Sir William Cecil
Elizabeth and Cecil ruled England almost side by side until his death in 1598.
‘This judgment I have of you that you will not be corrupted by any manner of gift and that you will be faithful to the state; and that without respect of my private will you will give me that counsel which you think best and if you shall know anything necessary to be declared to me of secrecy, you shall show it to myself only.’
Cecil and the Queen were so close that some historians are unsure whether the successes of the Queen’s reign should in fact be attributed to Cecil.

38. Robert Dudley Appointed Master of the
Horse, a position that required close contact with the Queen.
Cecil and Dudley disliked each other
They were both rivals for the Queen’s attention.
two rival factions developed in court around the two men
Queen's favorite courtier. 
They were openly affectionate and Dudley enjoyed flaunting the queen's favor. 
- Elizabeth and Dudley had been friends since being imprisoned together in in the Tower during Mary's reign. 
There are rumors of a romantic relationship between the two but it is largely believed that their relationship was simply flirtatious.
When Dudley’s wife died under mysterious circumstances, some believed that she had been killed to make it possible for Dudley and the Queen to marry.

39. Indecisive or Compromising?
Many were annoyed by the Queen’s refusal to take sides on the issue of religion.
Protestants felt that she should be more harsh in her treatment of Catholics and punish their religious worship as crime (pre Mary Queen of Scots)
But by not persecuting Catholics, she struck a balance that lasted through much of her reign.
She had to endure much less political struggle than her siblings, who were more extremist towards either side.
She also stayed away from foreign entanglements that would put a strain on the economic welfare of England.
She used this same tactic concerning marriage, she did not want to involve the country in any political backlash depending on her choice of spouse.

40. Parliament The House of Lords
The Queen had a more direct effect on these members, as she appointed bishops and created many of the positions.
The House of Commons.
Knights of the shire  - each county sent two representatives
borough members - many towns had acquired the right to  elect members
Parliament
- Under Henry, Abbots and priors lost their seats in the House of Lords; only archbishops and bishops came to comprise the ecclesiastical element of the body. -Parliament only sat for about three years of Elizabeth’s 45 as queen.
-Each session was about three months long

41. Parliament –Elizabethan Bargain
The consent of both houses and the Queen was required to pass all laws.  
The Monarch summoned the Houses of Parliament, temporarily suspend, or dissolve Parliament at will. 
The Monarch appointed Bishops and created peers,  more direct influence on the composition of the House of Lords than of the House of Commons.
Only Parliament could make law and levy taxes
- Under Henry, Abbots and priors lost their seats in the House of Lords; only archbishops and bishops came to comprise the ecclesiastical element of the body. -Parliament only sat for about three years of Elizabeth’s 45 as queen.
-Each session was about three months long

42. Scotland
Many believed that Mary, Queen of Scots, a catholic, was the rightful Queen of England.
-Since Elizabeth knew Catholics would be outraged if she executed Mary, the Queen kept Mary safe in the tower until she was forced to have her executed.

43. Scotland Mary, Queen of Scots was forced out of Scotland
Fled to England
Under house arrest.
Forced to send Mary to execution after attempts to overthrow assassinate Elizabeth was uncovered.
-Since Elizabeth knew Catholics would be outraged if she executed Mary, the Queen kept Mary safe in the tower until she was forced to have her executed.

44. SPAIN Spanish Armada 1588 Tilsbury Speech Tilbury Speech Cate Blanchet
Tilsbury Speech BBC
Tilbury Speech Cate Blanchet
-Since Elizabeth knew Catholics would be outraged if she executed Mary, the Queen kept Mary safe in the tower until she was forced to have her executed. 44

45. Elizabeth I: The Armada Portrait, c1588
pearls - symbolic of purity - decorate the queen's head and gown. Next to her right arm is an imperial crown, and her right hand rests upon a globe - specifically, her fingers rest upon the Americas.
In 1587, a year before this portrait was made, the first English child was born at the English settlement in Virginia. The crown and globe tell us that Elizabeth is mistress of land and sea.
Elizabeth I: The Armada Portrait, c1588
In the background of the painting are scenes from the defeat of the Spanish Armada in It was the pivotal event of the latter half of Elizabeth's reign and a great triumph for the English.
The queen is wearing a pearl necklace given to her by the earl of Leicester; it was Robert Dudley's last gift to the queen.

46. Succession Passed the crown onto James of Scotland.
Son of Mary, Queen of Scots, Elizabeth’s cousin
Raised by Protestant ministers with whom Elizabeth had a correspondence.

47. How She Left the Country
England was one of the most powerful and prosperous countries in the world.
Developing a strong navy

48. Conclusion
Overall, Elizabeth was much better at handling the conflicts between feuding portions of the country.
Elizabeth’s skills as a politique helped her manage the balance between the Catholic and Protestant sects.
Henry was much more of a traditional monarch and spent more time on his social and romantic life than on leading the country.

49. Elizabeth I: The Pelican Portrait, c1575, attributed to Nicholas Hilliard
There is a closed imperial crown over each shoulder. The crown is on top of both a rose (on the left) and a fleur-de-lys (on the right.) These represent her dynastic claims to both England and France.
The Pelican pendant on her breast symbolizes charity and redemption. It represents the queen's selfless love of her subjects.

50. This is the largest surviving full-length portrait of Queen Elizabeth I
In 1592, Elizabeth's former champion, Sir Henry Lee, sought to regain her favor with lavish entertainment at his home in Ditchley, Oxfordshire. He had retired from court two years earlier, having offended the queen by living openly with his mistress. He commissioned this portrait to commemorate Elizabeth's visit and forgiveness. The queen stands upon a map of England, with one foot resting near Ditchley.
It celebrates Elizabeth's divine powers; a jeweled celestial sphere hangs from the queen's left ear, signifying her command over nature itself. The sphere had been Lee's emblem when he fought as Elizabeth's champion in the annual Accession Day tilts. The background of this portrait appears odd - it is split between blue and sunny sky on the left, and black and stormy sky on the right. This continues the theme of royal authority over nature.
Elizabeth I: The Ditchley Portrait, c1592, by Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger

51. Elizabeth I: The Rainbow Portrait, c1600, by Isaac Oliver
Elizabeth's gown is embroidered with English wildflowers, thus allowing the queen to pose in the guise of Astraea, the virginal heroine of classical literature. Her cloak is decorated with eyes and ears, implying that she sees and hears all. Her headdress is an incredible design decorated lavishly with pearls and rubies and supports her royal crown. The pearls symbolize her virginity; the crown, of course, symbolizes her royalty. Pearls also adorn the transparent veil which hangs over her shoulders. Above her crown is a crescent-shaped jewel which alludes to Cynthia, the goddess of the moon.
A jeweled serpent is entwined along her left arm, and holds from its mouth a heart-shaped ruby. Above its head is a celestial sphere. The serpent symbolizes wisdom; it has captured the ruby, which in turn symbolizes the queen's heart. In other words, the queen's passions are controlled by her wisdom. The celestial sphere echoes this theme; it symbolizes wisdom and the queen's royal command over nature.
Elizabeth's right hand holds a rainbow with the Latin inscription 'Non sine sole iris' ('No rainbow without the sun'). The rainbow symbolizes peace, and the inscription reminds viewers that only the queen's wisdom can ensure peace and prosperity.
Elizabeth was in her late sixties when this portrait was made, but for iconographic purposes she is portrayed as young and beautiful, more than mortal. In this portrait, she is ageless.
Elizabeth I: The Rainbow Portrait, c1600, by Isaac Oliver

52. THE END