1. NURSING THEORIES
Dr. Aidah Alkaissi

2. The Environmental Theory
Florence Nightingale
The Environmental Theory

3. Florence Nightingale

4. Florence Nightingale
Emerged during the Crimean War, hence she’s called the “Lady with the Lamp”

5. Florence Nightingale Environmental Theory (mid-1800)
Often considered the 1st nurse theorist; defined nursing more than 100 years ago, as the “act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery”
Despite the fact that she did not believe in the germ theory, her experiences in the Crimean war magnified تضخيم her interest in the principles of sanitation and the relationship between environment and health.

6. Florence Nightingale She linked health with five environmental factors
Pure or fresh air
Pure water
Efficient drainage
Cleanliness
Light (especially direct sunlight)

7. Florence Nightingale
Deficiencies in these five factors produced lack of health or illness.
She believed that in the nurturing environment, the body could repair itself.
Client’s environment is manipulated to include appropriate noise, nutrition, hygiene, light, comfort, socialization and hope.

8. The Nature of Nursing Model
Virginia Henderson
The Nature of Nursing Model

9. Virginia Henderson
Henderson’s definition of the unique function of nursing was a major stepping stone in the emergence نشوء of nursing as a discipline separate from medicine.

10. Virginia Henderson
She believed that the nurse was concerned with both healthy and ill individuals, acknowledged اعترف that nurses interact with clients even when recovery may not be feasibleمعقول

11. Virginia Henderson
Mentioned the teaching advocacy roles of the nurses.
Conceptualized the role of the nurses as assisting sick or healthy individuals to gain independence in meeting the fourteen fundamental needs

12. THE FOURTEEN FUNDAMENTAL NEEDS
NORMAL BREATHING.
Breathing normally
FOOD.
Eating and drinking adequately
EXCRETION.
Eliminating body wastes
MOTION.
Moving and maintaining a desirable position

13. THE FOURTEEN FUNDAMENTAL NEEDS
REST.
Sleeping and resting
CLOTHING.
Selecting suitable clothes
TEMPERATURE.
Maintaining body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and modifying the environment
CLEANLINESS.
Keeping the body clean and well groomed to protect the skin

14. THE FOURTEEN FUNDAMENTAL NEEDS
SAFETY.
Avoiding dangers in the environment and injuring others
COMMUNICATION.
Communicating with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears or opinions
RELIGION.
Worshipping according to one’s faithووفقا لعبادة الإيمان

15. THE FOURTEEN FUNDAMENTAL NEEDS
ACCOMPLISHMENT.
Working in such a way that one feels a sense of accomplishment
RECREATION.
Playing or participating in various forms of recreation
LEARNING.
Learning, discovering or satisfying the curiosity that leads to normal development and health and using available health facilities.

16. Theory of Unitary Human Beings
Martha Rogers
Theory of Unitary Human Beings

17. Martha Rogers
According to Rogers, every individual is a unitary human being

18. Martha Rogers The UNITARY HUMAN BEING
is an irreducible غير القابل للاختزال, four-dimensional energy field; the four dimensions being energy fields, openness, pattern and organization and dimensionality لانفتاح، ونمط , تنظيم والأبعاد
interacts continuously and creatively with the environment
is more than and different from the sum of its parts
behaves as a totality
participates creatively in change.

19. The human being is a four-dimensional energy field

20. Martha Rogers Nurses applying Rogers’s theory in practice should:
Focus on the person’s wholeness
Seek to promote symphonic interaction between the two energy fields (human and environment) to strengthen the coherence and integrity of the person.
Coordinate the human field with the rhythmicities of the environmental fields
Direct and redirect patterns of interaction between the two energy fields to promote maximum health potential

21. Sister Callista Roy
The Adaptation Model

22. The Adaptation Model (1997)
Sr. Callista Roy
The Adaptation Model (1997)

23. Sr. Callista Roy
Defines adaptation as “the process and outcome whereby the thinking and feeling person uses conscious awareness and choice to create human and environmental integration”
Viewed each person as a unified biopsychosocial system in constant interaction with the environment

24. Sr. Callista Roy
The person is an adaptive system, employing a feedback cycle of input (stimuli), throughput (control process) and output (behavior or adaptive response)
All people have certain needs, categorized into
Physiological
Self-concept
Role Function
Interdependence

25. Sr. Callista Roy
Need for nursing care arises when client cannot adapt to internal and external environmental demands
The nurse determines what demands are causing problems for the client; assesses how well the client is adapting to them
Nursing care, therefore, is directed at helping the client adapt

26. Self-care and Self-care Deficit Theory
Dorothea Orem
Self-care and Self-care Deficit Theory

27. Dorothea Orem
Defined self-care as “the practice of activities that individuals initiate and perform on their own behalf in maintaining life, health and well-being”

28. Dorothea Orem Self-care theory is based on four concepts: Self-care
Self-care Agencyالرعاية الذاتية وكالة
Self-care Requisitesمتطلبات
الرعاية الذاتية
Therapeutic Self-care Demandطلب

29. Dorothea Orem
SELF-CARE Self-care refers to those activities an individual performs independently throughout life to promote and maintain personal well-being

30. Dorothea Orem
SELF-CARE AGENCY Self-care agency is the individual’s ability to perform self care activities.

31. Dorothea Orem It consists of two agents:
a self-care agent – an individual who performs self care independently
a dependent care agent – a person other than the individual who provides the care (e.g. most adults care for themselves, whereas infants and people weakened by illness require assistance with self-care activities)

32. Dorothea Orem
SELF-CARE REQUISITES Also called self care needs, self-care requisites are actions taken to provide self care.

33. Dorothea Orem
THERAPEUTIC SELF-CARE DEMAND Therapeutic self-care demand refers to all self care activities required to meet existing self care requisites or actions to maintain health and well being.

34. THREE TYPES OF NURSING SYSTEMS
Dorothea Orem
THREE TYPES OF NURSING SYSTEMS
Wholly compensatory systems are required for individuals who are unable to control and monitor their environment and process information.
Partly compensatory systems are designed for individuals who are unable to perform some, but not all, self-care activities.
Supportive-educative (developmental) systems are designed for persons who need assistance in decision-making, behavior control and acquisition of knowledge and skills