1. The Circulatory System
Your Heart Beats for It

2. Blood
Plasma
Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells
Platelets

3. Plasma Mostly water, contains dissolved material including:
Inorganic ions: Salts, minerals
Wastes
Nutrients
Proteins including:
Antibodies
Enzymes
Hormones
Clotting Factors

4. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
Float in the plasma
Produced in bone marrow
Mature ones don’t have a nucleus
Red due to HEMOGLOBIN: Iron containing pigment which carries oxygen
Concave in center

5. White Blood Cells: Leukocytes
Larger than red blood cells
Contain one or more nuclei
Produced in the bone marrow and in lymph nodes
Consist of Phagocytes and Lymphocytes

6. Phagocytes
Engulf and destroy antigens (bad guys) at the infection site
Move around , and travel in/out of capillaries by ameboid movement using pseudopods and cytoplasmic streaming
They surround/ingest the antigens by phagocytosis

7. Phagocytosis

8. Phagocyte: Macrophage

9. More Phagocytosis

10. Phagocytes in Action

11. Phagocytes in Action 2

12. Phagocytes in Action 3

13. Phagocytes in Action 4

14. Lymphocytes
Produce ANTIBODIES: special protein molecules which react chemically with foreign substances or microorganisms in blood and inactivate them
An ANTIGEN causes antibody production (usually proteins)
An antigen-antibody reaction is called an immune response

15. Lymphocytes

16. Lymphocytes in Action 1

17. Lymphocytes in Action 2

18. Lymphocytes in Action 3

19. Lymphocytes in Action 4

20. Lymphocytes in Action 5

21. Antibody Model

22. Antibody attack

23. Blood Smear
Red Blood Cells
Platelets
White Blood Cells

24. Blood Cells
Phagocytes

25. Immunity Ability of the body to resist a specific disease
It is a function of antibodies
Active immunity: When antibodies are produced in response to a foreign substance (called___________). These antibodies remain to fight the same disease in the future
Passive Immunity: next slide

26. Passive Immunity
When a person gets antibodies from the blood of another person or from an animal
These antibodies are borrowed (like mercenaries) and are gradually destroyed
Does a vaccination cause active or passive immunity?

27. Vaccination:
Viruses or bacteria are disabled or broken into parts and purposely injected into a person or animal
That person’s/animal’s immune system learns to recognize the foreign protein and make antibodies against it.
When the body is exposed to the real pathogen, the antibodies kick in immediately and kill the pathogen

28. Allergies
In some people, some common substances cause an immune response
Examples of allergens:________,_______,_____________,________,________.
This response is called an allergy
These antibodies release histamines which cause sneezing, coughing, rash, eye- watering, etc.

29. Platelets Small cell fragments involved in clotting of blood
They have no nucleus, only a cytoplasm and cell membrane

30. Blood Clotting Break in blood vessel…OUCH!
Platelets are ruptured as they reach the wound which…..
Releases enzymes which causes…
Fibrinogen in plasma (a protein which is normally dissolved) to be converted FIBRIN which…
Forms a meshwork across the wound which..
Traps blood cells and forms a clot, then a scab

31. Clotting

32. More Clotting

33. Blood Typing
The proteins on an erythrocyte’s surface can cause a reaction if transfused into the wrong person
Because of this, we call these proteins antigens
A body will not make antibodies against it’s own red blood cell “antigens”. Why?

34. Rejection
An immune response to a blood transfusion or an organ transplant
We TYPE blood/organs so we know what will be compatible with each person’s system
The A B O blood typing system is one way we keep track

35. Everything ABOut the ABO System
2 types of antigens on Red Blood Cells: A and B (not including Rh)
Also, plasma contains potential antibodies Anti-A and Anti-B
Rh Factor: protein in blood named after Rhesus monkeys where it was discovered.
85% of people in the US have it, and are said to be Rh positive
If exposed, Rh- people can make antibodies against it.

36. The Blood Types Blood Types Antigens Present (on RBCs)
Antibodies Present (in plasma) A
Anti-B B AB O

37. Last Blood Types Slide
Antibodies in the transfused plasma are diluted by the recipient’s plasma and don’t act on blood

38. Blood Vessels
Arteries carry blood AWAY from the heart, are thick walled, muscular vessels which pulse to help pump blood. Arteries Away
Arteries are thick walled, muscular vessels which pulse to help pump blood
VEINS go TOWARD the heart, are thin walled, and have valves to prevent backflow
CAPILLARIES: Tiny blood vessels, 1 cell layer thick, most exchange of materials between blood and body tissues occurs here

39. Blood Vessels

40. Artery/Vein

41. Capillary beds

42. Intercellular Fluid and Lymph
Between Cells
As blood is forced through capillaries, some plasma is squeezed out, into surrounding tissues where it bathes the cells and contains dissolved nutrients, wastes, etc. It is now called….
ICF. Excess ICF is drained from tissues by Lymph Vessels

43. LYMPH Once inside a lymph vessel, ICF is called lymph.
Lymph vessels get bigger and bigger until eventually they lead back to veins near the heart where it re-enters the blood
Larger lymph vessels have lymph nodes: wide pockets in lymph vessels where phagocytes filter bacteria and dead cells from lymph. Some lymph vessels have 1-way valves

44. Blood Pressure
Pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the arteries
SYSTOLE is the pressure during a contraction, it’s the highest blood pressure (Systolic blood pressure)
Diastole is the BP during the relaxation phase of the heart beat (lowest BP) Normal is 120/80

45. Pathways of Circulation
Pulmonary circulation: Blood pathway between the heart and lungs
Systemic Circulation is between the heart and body
Coronary Circulation: Between the heart and heart muscle

46. Blood Flow Through Heart

47. Blood Flow Through Body

48. Disorders of the Circulatory System
Cardiovascular Diseases: Diseases of the heart and blood vessels
Hypertension: High blood pressure caused/made worse by stress, diet, heredity, cigarette smoking, aging
Coronary Thrombosis (heart attack): a blockage of a coronary artery causing oxygen deprivation and heart muscle damage/death
Angina Pectoris: A narrowing of a coronary artery causing intense pain in chest/left arm due to temporary oxygen starvation

49. More Disorders
Anemia: Blood can’t carry enough oxygen due to inadequate amounts of hemoglobin on RBC’s or not enough RBC’s. Can be due to lack of iron in the diet
Leukemia: A form of cancer where bone marrow produces too many white blood cells. Is this aptly named? Why?