1. By Reuben and Emmalyn Leonard
Sigmund Freud
By Reuben and Emmalyn Leonard

2. Biography Noted as “Father of Psychoanalysis”
Born 6th of May 1856, died of cancer in 1939 on 23rd of September
Born it what is now Pribor in the Czech republic
Studied at the University of Vienna in 1873
Created the idea of the “id”, “ego”, and “superego”
Throughout life, analyzed himself and others with the human’s relationship with aggressive and sexual impulses

3. Id
The id - primitive personality that deals with sex (life) and aggression (death)
Newborn children only have Id
Pure biological impulse
Unchanged throughout life; It’s simply a pleasure principle

4. Ego The part of id directly modified by the outside world
Checks impulsive and fantasy-based ideas from id
Works with decision making and reason
Still a pleasure principle, but is realistic in achievement of pleasure
Less powerful than id

5. Superego 2 Main parts of superego: Conscience and Ideal Self
More moralistic, less so realistic
Gaining of control of id’s impulses that are forbidden
Develops during phallic stage of psychosexual development
Conscience
Keeps ego in check (if ego acts on id, person becomes guilty)
Ideal self (ego-ideal)
Imaginary ideal person one thinks that they ought to be
Punishment of falling short includes sadness and guilt
LARGELY determined by childhood

6. Personal Response
His research has proved crucial to how we understand the human mind and how we mature today, as he focused on a very unique and difficult topic in relation to how the human mind matures from birth
Even though his theories are incredibly controversial, his development of these ideas of such a unique field helps us know who we are.

7. How he researched
Freud discovered Shakespeare and was fascinated with how he observed human nature
Freud became a therapist and developed his theories based on how his patients responded
He traveled the globe with fellow psychologists, conducting various experiments related to hypnosis and treatment.

8. Psychosexual Stages of development
Although called the Psychosexual Stages, not all stages are purely sexual in nature; stages based on the id, and one’s desires for satisfaction
Lack of satisfaction will lead to unusual fixation on a stage
What satisfies a child changes with age
Libido - one’s desire for pleasure

9. Oral Stage (Ages 0-1)
Libido based on desire to put things in mouth (food, toys, fingers, etc.)
Oral fixation is sometimes developed later in life in the form of desire to smoke, bite nails, or overeat; made worse by stress

10. Anal Stage (Ages 1-3)
Libido based on freedom to defecate anywhere (diapers)
When being potty trained, this stage comes to a head; authority figure is opposing the desires of a child
Ego develops; child is starting to face conflict with authority
“Anal-retentive” - term describing people that are overly organized and clean; associated with a suppressed anal stage by authority
“Anal-expulsive” - term describing people that are overly messy and giving; associated with lax authority over anal stage

11. Phallic Stage (ages 3-6)
Children become aware of sexual-mechanical differences between genders
Conflict between attraction, resentment, jealousy, fear
Interest in sexual self pleasure
Superego develops
Oedipus Complex - boys develop sexual curiosity around mother; imitate father, feel competition with father for mother’s attention
Castration Anxiety - boy becomes obsessed with control over penis
Electra Complex - girl desires father, but realizes she doesn’t have a penis; develops personality like mother after resenting mother for being a girl
Penis Envy - desire by girls to be a boy based on both physical interest and desire for power

12. Latency Stage (Ages 6-11)
Libido is dormant; sexual impulses repressed by superego
Development of friendships with peers of the same sex

13. Genital Stage (ages 11-adult)
Sexual experimentation; ultimate goal of “settling down”
Heterosexual interest
Fixation on earlier stage may be present

14. Freud’s family
Freud had six children. His theories were developed before they were born, but Freud continued to observe his children as a way of perfecting his ideas. He focused mostly on his sons and their development, as his theories tended to be based on the male child.

15. Sources