1. 4.00: Analyze the process of growth in horticultural plants
Plant Processes
4.00: Analyze the process of growth in horticultural plants

2. Processes of plant growth
Photosynthesis
Respiration
Absorption
Transpiration
Translocation
Reproduction

3. Photosynthesis
The food and manufacturing process in green plants that combines carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light to make sugar and oxygen.
Formula:
6CO2+6H2O+672Kcal C6H12O6+6O2
Carbon Dioxide
Light Energy
Glucose Sugar
Water
Oxygen

4. Respiration
The process through which plant leaves, stems and roots consume oxygen and give off carbon dioxide.
Plants produce much more oxygen through photosynthesis than they use through respiration.

5. Absorption
The process by which plant roots take in water and air

6. Transpiration
The process by which plants lose water from leaves and stems through evaporation

7. Translocation
The process by which food and nutrients are moved within a plant from one plant part to another

8. Reproduction The plant process that increases plant numbers
usually by seeds

9. Osmosis
1. The process by which minerals enter the plant through cell walls.
2. The process by which water enters the plant through cell walls

10. Stages of Plant Growth
Juvenile-when a plant first starts to grow from a seed
Reproductive-when a plant produces flowers, seeds and fruits
Dormant-when a plant rests or grows very little, if any

11. Cell Organelles
Chloroplast - cells that contain stacks of chlorophyll, where photosynthesis takes place.
Chlorophyll - green pigment responsible for food production in plants.
Only located in plant cells

12. Phases of the asexual cycle
Vegetative-growth and development of buds, roots, leaves and stems
cell elongation-stage when cells enlarge
differentiation-stage when cells specialize
Reproductive or flowering-plant develops flower buds that will develop into flowers, fruits and seeds

13. Effects of Light, Moisture, Temperature and Nutrients on Plants

14. Light
Photoperiodism-response of plants to different amounts of light regarding their flowering and reproduction cycles
Necessary because of photosynthesis
Not enough light causes long, slender, spindly stems
Too much light will cause plants to dry out faster
Phototropism is the tendency for plants to grow toward a light source.

15. Moisture
Needed in large amounts because plant tissues are 90% water and water carries nutrients
Not enough water causes wilting and stunted growth
Too much water causes small root systems and drowning which is a result of air spaces in soil being filled with water

16. VS Temperature Needs vary depending on type of plants
Either too high or too low will have adverse effects VS

17. Nutrients Essential for optimal plant conditions
Has little effect on seed germination

18. Combining growth factors
Ideal quantities and quality will give optimum plant growth
Each has an effect on the other factors
Unfavorable environmental conditions for plant growth causes diseases to be more severe in their damages to plants

19. Plant Propagation
4.02: Apply different methods of plant propagation as related to horticultural plant production

20. Propagation The multiplication of a kind or species.
Reproduction of a species.

21. Sexual Propagation Propagation from seeds.
Pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma.
Fertilization occurs and seeds are produced.

22. Germination Rates Percent of seeds that sprout
75 out of 100=75%
Rate is affected by seed viability, temperature and moisture.
Rates vary depending on plant and quality of seed.

23. Seeds Plant depth depends on the size of seeds
larger seeds are planted deeper
water small seeds from bottom by soaking
Embryo
Seed Coat
Endosperm

24. Seedlings (small plants)
Transplant when first true leaves appear
Reduce humidity and water and make environment more like outside to “harden off” plants

25. Seeds to Seedlings

26. Advantages of Sexual Reproduction
Fast way to get many plants
Easy to do
Economical

27. Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction
Some plants, especially hybrids, do not reproduce true to parents
Some plants are difficult to propagate from seeds

28. Asexual Reproduction Uses growing plant parts other than seeds
Types of asexual reproduction:
cuttings
layering
division or separation
budding
grafting
tissue culture

29. Rooting from Cuttings Rooting media should be about 4 inches deep
Best time of day is early mornings because plants have more moisture
Types of cuttings:
stem
leaf
root

30. Stem Cuttings Using a small piece of stem to reproduce plants
using hormones and dipping in fungicides help speed up rooting

31. Leaf cuttings Using small pieces of leaves to reproduce new plants
from herbaceous plants
vein must be cut

32. Gather all materials needed
Stem Cuttings-Step 1
Gather all materials needed

33. Cut 3 to 4 inch shoot from stem tip
Stem Cuttings-Step 2
Cut 3 to 4 inch shoot from stem tip

34. Remove lower leaves from the shoot
Stem Cuttings-Step 3
Remove lower leaves from the shoot

35. Dip cut surface in rooting hormone
Stem Cuttings-Step 4
Dip cut surface in rooting hormone

36. Thoroughly moisten rooting medium
Stem Cuttings-Step 5
Thoroughly moisten rooting medium

37. Stick one or more cuttings in rooting media
Stem Cuttings-Step 6
Stick one or more cuttings in rooting media

38. Stem Cuttings-Step 7
Cover with plastic wrap or place on a mist bench in a warm area away from direct sunlight.

39. Once rooted, cuttings can be separated carefully and transplanted
Stem Cuttings-Step 8
Once rooted, cuttings can be separated carefully and transplanted

40. Root Cuttings Using small pieces of roots to reproduce plants
should be three inches apart in rooting area

41. Layering Scarring a small area of stem to produce new plants
air layering
trench layering

42. Trench Layering

43. Division or Separation
Cutting or pulling apart plant structures for reproduction
bulbs
corms
rhizomes
tubers
runners
stolons
suckers

44. Bulbs
Rhizome

45. Grafting
Joining separate plant parts together so that they form a union and grow together to make one plant.
Wedge Graft
Approach Graft

46. Grafting Terms Scion-the piece of plant at the top of the graft
Rootstock-the piece of the plant at the root or bottom of the graft

47. Methods of Grafting If the scion and rootstock are the same size wedge
splice
whip and tongue
approach

48. Methods of Grafting If the scion is smaller than the rootstock cleft
side
notch
bark inlay

49. Budding A form of grafting when a bud is used patch budding T-budding
Chip Budding
Chip Budding

50. How to perform T-budding
Step 2
Step 4
Step 1
Step 3

51. Tissue Culture
Using a small amount of plant tissue to grow in a sterile environment
The most plants in a short time
True to parent plant

52. Advantages of Asexual Production
Plants mature in a shorter time
Budding is faster than grafting
In trench layering, a plant forms at each node on a covered stem
Some plants do not produce viable seed
New plants are the same as the parent plant

53. Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction
Some require special equipment and skills, such as grafting
Cuttings detach plant parts from water and nutrient source
Some plants are patented making propagation illegal

54. The Uses of Biotechnology in Horticulture

55. What is Biotechnology?
The use of cells or components (parts) of cells to produce products or processes

56. Methods
Tissue culture or micropropagation
Cloning
Genetic Engineering

57. Tissue Culture
Uses terminal shoots or leaf buds in a sterile or aseptic environment on agar gel or other nutrient-growing media to produce thousands of identical plants

58. Cloning
Genetically generating offspring from non-sexual tissue

59. Genetic Engineering
Movement of genetic information in the form of genes from one cell to another cell to modify or change the genetic make-up

60. Benefits of Biotechnology
Produce many identical plants in a short time
Increase disease and insect resistance
Increase tolerance to heat and cold
Increase weed tolerance

61. Benefits of Biotechnology
Increase tolerance to drought
Improve environment
Increase production
Other genetic changes