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Axial Skeletal System
Bones of the Skull
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2. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
State Standard
13) Label on a skeleton the names of the bones for each of the following, identifying points of attachment:
a. Skull 22 bones (cranium 8, facial 14)
b. Spinal Column/Vertebra 24 with explanation of three parts of a typical vertebra (body, foramen, and processes)
c. Thoracic Cavity
d. Upper extremities: Shoulder girdle, arms, wrist, and hands including long bone processes, and three parts of each finger
e. Lower extremities: hip girdle, legs, ankles, and feet including long bone parts, and parts of toes
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Objective
Students will be able to…
Identify the 22 bones of the skull through labeling of a sample skeleton.
Examine the sinuses cavities within the skull of a partner.
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Skull
Skull (cranium)
Consists of 22 bones
Bones of the skull are grouped into two categories:
Cranial bones
Eight cranial bones form the cranial cavity
Frontal bone, two parietal bones, two temporal bones, the occipital bone, the sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone
Facial bones
Fourteen facial bones form the face
Two nasal bones, two maxillae, two zygomatic bones, the mandible, two lacrimal bones, two palatine bones, two inferior nasal conchae, vomer
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Skull
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Skull
The cranial and facial bones protect and support special sense organs and the brain
Besides forming the large cranial cavity, the skull also forms several smaller cavities
Nasal cavity
Orbits (eye sockets)
Paranasal sinuses
Small cavities which house organs involved in hearing and equilibrium
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Skull
Immovable joints called sutures fuse most of the skull bones together
The skull provides large areas of attachment for muscles that move various parts of the head
Skull and facial bones provide attachment for muscles that produce facial expressions
The facial bones form the framework of the face and provide support for the entrances to the digestive and respiratory systems
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Discussion
The purpose the bones of the skull is to provide structure and protection for the brain and sensitive tissues of the internal face. Hypothesis a circumstance when the skull can actually aggravate an injury. Why is this?
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Sutures
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Skull (Cranial Bones)
Frontal Bone
Forms the forehead
Parietal Bones
Form the sides and roof of the cranial cavity
Temporal Bones
Form the lateral aspects and floor of the cranium
Occipital Bone
Forms the posterior part and most of the base of the cranium
Sphenoid Bone
Lies at the middle part of the base of the skull
Ethmoid Bone
Located on the midline in the anterior part of the cranial floor between the eye sockets
A major superior supporting structure of the nasal cavity
Contain thin projections called conchae which are lined by mucous membranes
Increased surface area in the nasal cavity helps to humidify inhaled air trapping inhaled particles
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11. Cranial Bones 8 (2 parietal, 2 Temporal)
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Skull Sagittal Plane
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Skull
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Skull (14 Facial Bones)
Nasal Bones
Form the bridge of the nose
Maxillae
Form the upper jawbone
Form most of the hard palate
Separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
Zygomatic Bones
commonly called cheekbones, form the prominences of the cheeks
Lacrimal Bones
Form a part of the medial wall of each orbit
Palatine Bones
Form the posterior portion of the hard palate
Inferior Nasal Conchae
Form a part of the inferior lateral wall of the nasal cavity
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Skull (Facial Bones)
Vomer
Forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum
Mandible
Lower jawbone
The largest, strongest facial bone
The only movable skull bone
Nasal Septum
Divides the interior of the nasal cavity into right and left sides
“Broken nose,” in most cases, refers to septal damage rather than the nasal bones themselves
Orbits
Eye socket
Foramina
Openings for blood vessels , nerves , or ligaments of the skull
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Skull
Unique Features of the Skull
Sutures, Paranasal sinuses, Fontanels
Sutures
an immovable joint that holds most skull bones together
Paranasal Sinuses
Cavities within cranial and facial bones near the nasal cavity
Secretions produced by the mucous membranes which line the sinuses, drain into the nasal cavity
Serve as resonating chambers that intensify and prolong sounds
Fontanels
Areas of unossified tissue
At birth, unossified tissue spaces, commonly called “soft spots” link the cranial bones
Eventually, they are replaced with bone to become sutures
Provide flexibility to the fetal skull, allowing the skull to change shape as it passes through the birth canal
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18. Sinus Cavities of the Skull
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19. Checking the Cranial Sinuses with a Penlight
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Discussion
Applying what you know about the skull and the process of birth, why are the suture lines in the skull of an infant unfused? Hypothesis what might happen if they were fused.
Hypothesis what the sinus cavity of someone suffering from a sinus infection or cold might look like when illuminated with a flashlight.
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21. Infants skull- Soft Spots
Skull is moldable due to unfused sutures in the skull.
Creates 2 “soft spots” called fontanels on the skull
Anterior fontanelle is a diamond-shaped 
Closes 18 months after birth
Posterior fontanelle is triangle-shaped
 Closes within 2 or 3 months of birth
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Infants Skull
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Hyoid Bone
Does not articulate with any other bone
Supports the tongue, providing attachment sites for some tongue muscles and for muscles of the neck and pharynx
The hyoid bone also helps to keep the larynx (voice box) open at all times
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Activity
Work with a partner to complete the cranial sinus cavity assessment activity located on the class website. Individually answer the questions.
Work in your small groups to draw and label the cranial and facial bones of the skull on your life size skeleton model. See example
While working in your small groups, complete the Heads UP 7 UP activity on the class website.
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25. Vertebral Column and Thoracic Cage
Axial Skeleton
Vertebral Column and Thoracic Cage
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26. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
State Standard
13) Label on a skeleton the names of the bones for each of the following, identifying points of attachment:
a. Skull 22 bones (cranium 8, facial 14)
b. Spinal Column/Vertebra 24 with explanation of three parts of a typical vertebra (body, foramen, and processes)
c. Thoracic Cavity
d. Upper extremities: Shoulder girdle, arms, wrist, and hands including long bone processes, and three parts of each finger
e. Lower extremities: hip girdle, legs, ankles, and feet including long bone parts, and parts of toes
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Objective
Students will be able to…
Identify the divisions of the vertebral column through a labeling exercise
Identify the components of the thorax through a labeling exercise.
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Vertebral Column
Also called the spine, backbone, or spinal column
Functions to:
Protect the spinal cord
Support the head
Serve as a point of attachment for the ribs, pelvic girdle, and muscles
The vertebral column is curved to varying degrees in different locations
Curves increase the column strength
Help maintain balance in the upright position
Absorb shocks during walking, and help protect the vertebrae from fracture
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Vertebral Column
Composed of a series of bones called vertebrae (Adult=26)
7 cervical are in the neck region
12 thoracic are posterior to the thoracic cavity
5 lumbar support the lower back
1 sacrum consists of five fused sacral vertebrae
1 coccyx consists of four fused coccygeal vertebrae
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31. Regions .

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Discussion
Hypothesis that the bones of your vertebral column are now fused. What body processes are you no longer going to be able to do?
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33. Vertebral Column (Regions)
Cervical Region
Cervical vertebrae (C1–C7)
The atlas (C1) is the first cervical vertebra
The axis (C2) is the second cervical vertebra
Thoracic Region
Thoracic vertebrae (T1–T12)
Articulate with the ribs
Lumbar Region
Lumbar vertebrae (L1–L5)
Provide for the attachment of the large back muscles
Sacrum
The sacrum is a triangular bone formed by the union of five sacral vertebrae (S1–S5)
Serves as a strong foundation for the pelvic girdle
Coccyx
The coccyx, like the sacrum, is triangular in shape
It is formed by the fusion of usually four coccygeal vertebrae
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34. Each Region has a distinctive Shape
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35. Houses and Protects the Spinal Cord
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Cervical C1-C7
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Thoracic T1-T12
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Lumbar L1-L5
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Sacrum and Coccyx
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Intervertebral Discs
Found between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae
Functions to:
Form strong joints
Permit various movements of the vertebral column
Absorb vertical shock
Vertebrae typically consist of:
A Body (weight bearing)
A vertebral arch (surrounds the spinal cord)
Several processes (points of attachment for muscles)
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41. Normal Intervertebral Disc
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42. Herniated or Slipped Disc
Due to Injury or weakness
inner portion of the disk  protrudes from the vertebral column.
Causing pain and discomfort.
May press on spinal nerves causing numbness and pain
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Discussion
Herniated and slipped discs are common among healthcare workers. Why do you think that is? Applying what you have learned about safety, what are some things that a healthcare worker can do to prevent this?
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44. Vertebral Column Conditions
Various conditions may exaggerate the normal curves of the vertebral column
Kyphosis- exaggerated outward curve of the thoracic spine
Lordosis-exaggerated inward curve of the lumbar spine
Scoliosis- sideways curvature
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45. Vertebral Column Conditions
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Thorax
Thoracic cage is formed by the:
Sternum
Ribs
Costal cartilages
Thoracic vertebrae
Functions to:
Enclose and protect the organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities
Provide support for the bones of the upper limbs
Play a role in breathing
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Thorax
Sternum
“Breastbone” located in the center of the thoracic wall
Consists of the manubrium, body, xiphoid process
Ribs
Twelve pairs of ribs give structural support to the sides of the thoracic cavity
10 pairs are fixed and 2 pairs are floating
Costal cartilages
Costal cartilages contribute to the elasticity of the thoracic cage
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Thorax
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49. Conditions of the Thoracic Cage
Pectus excavatum- sunken or funnel chest, is a congenital chest wall deformity in which several ribs and the sternum grow abnormally. Producing a concave, or caved-in, appearance in the anterior chest wall.
Pectus carinatum -keel-shaped deformity of the chest. The anterior chest wall protrudes causing the chest to be stiff.
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50. Pectus Excavatum vs. Carinatum
Looking at the anatomy of these 2 conditions, which one would leave the organs of the chest more vulnerable? Why?
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51. Activity
In your small groups, work to label the vertebral columns on your skeleton models.
You must label Cervical C1-C7, Thoracic T1-T12, lumbar L1-L5, the sacrum, and coccyx. Note: Your skeleton may not be anatomically correct, add vertebrae as needed.
Label the thoracic cage of your skeleton (sternum, xiphoid, # the ribs, include floating ribs )
Individually complete the labeling case study on the class website.