1. The Mammalian Skeleton
Upper Sixth Biology

2. Aims To recognise and name the major bones of the mammalian skeleton
To understand the subdivisions of the skeleton
To understand that the structure of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae relate to their function

3. The major bones of the human skeleton
On your hand out, label as many of the bones as you can

5. Skeleton Basics Humans have an endoskeleton
Non vertebrates have a tough outer covering the exoskeleton
Endoskeletons are less protective
But allow greater growth
Made of bone (ossification)
Cartilage in some parts (ends of joints and at the ribs)

6. Subdivisions of the skeleton
Two main divisions
The axial Skeleton
Skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum
The appendicular skeleton
Limb, pectoral and pelvic girdles

7. The axial skeleton Neck and head-cervical Chest and ribs-thoracic
<<
<
>
The axial skeleton
Neck and head-cervical
Chest and ribs-thoracic
Lumbar-Lower back
Sacrum-fused-hip bones
Coccyx-4 fused

8. Lumbar vertebra

9. Lumbar vertebrae Label your diagram
Draw up a table showing the names and functions of each part of these vertebrae
Also list the adaptations that make these functions possible

10. Thoracic Vertebrae
The ribs articulate at the ends of the transverse process and also at a point just above the centrum
Neural spins are longer and slope downwards

11. Intervertebral joints
Joined together by ligaments
Discs of cartilage act as shock absorbers
Spinal nerves and blood vessels exit between gaps

12. The pentadactyl limb Comes from the term ‘Five fingered’
Basic structure founds in many animals
Size of bones may vary, but basic structure is the same
Arms and legs are fundamentally the ‘same’

13. Pentadactyl Limb
Draw a table, comparing the bones in the appendicular skeleton

14. Summary You should now be able to
To recognise and name the major bones of the mammalian skeleton
To understand the subdivisions of the skeleton
To understand that the structure of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae relate to their function