1. Income and Livelihoods
Miriam Wyman
CIFOR PEN Workshop
Bogor, Indonesia March 2009

2. I. Context
1. Where is the PEN study located: country, region, climate and forest zone(s)
Community Baboon Sanctuary (CBS)
Belize, Central America, along the Caribbean coast
Climate: climatic region of north-central Belize
Forest Zones: lowland, semi-deciduous rainforest
IUCN Category IV protected area
private landowners
CBS forests have been periodically logged for 300 yrs.
Area is patchwork of secondary forests from yrs, interspersed with cleared areas and secondary growth.
2. How large is the study area (km2)?
Approximately 88 km2

3. I. Context
3. What # of villages sampled? 7 How many people live in surveyed villages?
Village Name
Population
1. Bermudian Landing
180
2. Scotland Half Moon
210
3. Flowers Bank
124
4. Double Head Cabbage
240
5. Isabella Bank
110
6. Willows Bank
126
7. St. Pauls Bank
160
Total
1150
4. Your sample had how many households? 131
Average # of people per household? 5.2 people
5. Are there key sub-dimensions dividing the sample in terms of livelihood strategies: ethnicity, closeness to markets, migrants vs. non-migrants, history of settlement, etc.?
Some villages more remote than others
distance to roads, closeness to markets, access to Belize City
a few minority ethnicities (Guatemalans, Chinese) but not specific to a village

4. II. Household Income Sources
Note: all income is in Belize Dollars. 1 $US = 2 $BZ
How large are household incomes – separating subsistence and cash
Source
Total
Cash
Share (Cash)
Subsistence
Share (Sub)
Wage
100
Other
→ Remittances
(95,850)
Direct Forest
838.81
261.26 31
577.48 69
Forest Derived
-7.47
-56.29
754
48.82
-654
Livestock
566.01
549.04 97
16.97 3
Business
326.34
Fish
125.78
53.80 43
71.98 57
Non-forest environmental
123.41
107.64 87
15.77 13
Crop
113.90
41.99 37
71.91 63
Aquaculture
5.02
Payment for Forest Services
forest derived income is negative because on average, when you deduct c2 from c1, in your case, the average household had a negative balance sheet
Negative forest derived income. Could be one of two (or more) things 1. Reality: It could simply mean that once input costs have been taken into account, they average household is making loses 2. A valuation problem. You may have undervalued C1. Or over estimated C2.
Remittances: $95,850BZ (32% of “other”) for 43 hh
Forest Derived Income issue:
Once input costs have been taken into account, ave. hh is making a loss
A valuation problem: C1 undervalued or C2 over-estimated

5. II. Household Income Sources
2. What sources contribute to household income?

6. III. Income Sources and Seasonality
1. Four bar charts (one for each Q1-4), each with mean and SD intervals
Mid Oct – mid Dec (dry season)
Mid May – early Aug (rainy season)
Large sd line = data isn’t really imformative (makes sense for Q4 with just N=5 hh)
1 sd = 67% chance that mean falls within red line
Q3 – mid may – early Aug (rainy season). Mean forest income highest (and Agriculture lowest – slash and burn milpa clearning happens right before the rains so reaping doesn’t generally occur during this time, maybe some in August).
-also cashew season (late April – June)…considered “forest”
-June-july-August Mango season (other environmental income)
Q1 and Q2 drier seasons: fishing highest (river level low)
Feb – April
(dry season)

7. Cashew season (late April – June) (forest income)
Mid Oct – mid Dec (dry season)
Feb – April
(dry season)
Mid May – early Aug (rainy season)
The majority of households have at least one family member who works in, or around, Belize City
2. Other evidence of environ. inc as “seasonal gap filler” when ag. inc low (qualitative)?
Q3 (mid may – early Aug = rainy season) = Mean forest income highest and agriculture lowest
Slash and burn milpa clearing happens right before the rains so harvesting not as large
Cashew season (late April – June) (forest income)
June-July-August Mango season (other environmental income)
Q1 and Q2 drier seasons: agricultural harvesting highest

8. IV. Key forest and environmental products
List products that provide at least 10% of forest and other environmental income, show % contribution, and distribution between cash and subsistence income.
Direct Forest Income (total net income BZ $119,106.75)
Fup_pdt
Common name
Fup_nety
Share
Cash_inc
Cash %
Sub_inc
Sub% 3
fuelwood
39,345
33.03
100 21
wild fruits
31,232
26.22
549
1.76
30,683
98.24 26
seeds
14,567.50
12.23
8,362.50
57.41
6,205
42.59 51
game meat
13,306.75
11.17
4,564.90
34.31
8,741.85
65.69
Forest Derived Income (total net income BZ $34,192.95)
Fpr_pdt
Common name
Fpr_nety
Share
Cash_inc
Cash %
Sub_inc
Sub%
133
Alcoholic beverage
19,422.70
56.80
8,689.87
44.74
10,732.83
55.26
132
oils
5,976.25
17.48
2,758.48
46.16
3,217.77
53.84
Note: all income is in Belize Dollars. 1 $US = 2 $BZ

9. IV. Key forest and environmental products
List products that provide at least 10% of forest and other environmental income, show % contribution, and distribution between cash and subsistence income.
Direct Fish Income (total net income BZ $16,540.88)
Fish_type
Common name
Fish_nety
Share
Cash_inc
Cash %
Sub_inc
Sub% 1
Baca (catfish)
3,396
20.53
2,845.05
83.78
550.95
16.22 11
Hicati
3,390
20.49
1,700
50.15
1690
49.85 2
Bay Snook
3,327
20.11
1,260
37.87
2,067
62.13 9
Conch
1,830
11.06
625
34.15
1205
65.85 3
Tilapia
1,692.50
10.23
1,605.50
94.86 87
5.14
Aqua Income (total net income from ponds (aquaculture) BZ $766.00)
Aqua_type
Common name
aqua_nety
Share
Cash_inc
Cash %
Sub_inc
Sub% 11
Hicati
480
62.66
100 12
Bocatora 80
10.44
Note: all income is in Belize Dollars. 1 $US = 2 $BZ

10. IV. Key forest and environmental products
Non-forest Environmental Income (total net income BZ $18,687.73)
Env_pdt
Common name
env_nety
Share
Cash_inc
Cash %
Sub_inc
Sub%
314
Coconut
5,791.25
30.99
4,929.56
85.12
861.69
14.88
319
Lime
4,999.48
26.75
4,988.28
99.78
11.20
0.22
321
Mango
3,442
18.42
3442
100
2. Comment on which are “forest” vs. “other environmental income” sources….
“forest” = products collected from forest (firewood, wild berries, medicinal plants, game meat)
“other environ. income” = harvesting resources provided through natural processes not requiring intensive mgmt (fish, fruits, nuts, medicinal plants etc. not in forest area)
Explain how the main subsistence forest/environmental goods were priced
Equate subsistence products with their comparable economic values in the marketplace
For example, firewood used subsistently was priced as if it was sold
(e.g, a 100 lb krokis sack of firewood sells for $15 BZE in Belize City)
Focus group meetings held in the villages provided a forum to discuss and
average economic value for various products used subsistently
(e.g., forest products, fish, game meat and agricultural crops).

11. V. Income composition and poverty
1. Divide the households into quintiles ranked according to total household income, and list average total income and forest income share for each.
Quintile
All Forest Income
Ave Total Income 1
91.29
1,841.56 2
884.86
2,042.80 3
420.64
2,266.84 4
2,371.50
38,139.70 5
172,042.25
What patterns emerge, and how are they explained?
Households in the 4th income quintile have the highest forest income
Households in the 5th income quintile have 0 forest income
Those making a lot of $$ probably have their own business, work primarily with cattle or outside wage (Belize City) don’t need to resort to their natural environment to make a profit
It would be interesting to see % subsistence vs. % cash for these quintiles
e.g., to assess if lowest quintile made majority of forest income from subsistence income
Those in highest income bracket = anomalies to rest of community residents

12. VI. Other patterns
What percent of households report using forests particularly to weather misfortune
Number of HH = 72 Percent of HH = 55%
What are their most common alternatives to mitigate shocks?
How Cope?
Frequency
Percent
Did nothing 33
40.74
Assistance from friends, relatives 17
20.99
Spend cash savings 7
8.64
Sell assets (land, livestock, etc.)
Other 6
7.41
Do extra casual labor work 3
3.70
Assistance from NGO, community org.
Tried to reduce household spending
Get loan from money lender, credit assoc. 2
2.47
Total 81
100
How cope list – households could list several options (not limited to choosing one option)

13. VI. Other patterns
2. Is there any evidence that forest income is used, directly or indirectly, as a stepping stone out of poverty?
Firewood (the alternative is buying propane gas)
To a lesser degree…
Cohune palm
(tourism - selling fly swatters)
Cashew (seasonal importance)
Direct = 57.41% cash income
Processed (cashew wine) = 44.74% cash income
$ BZ 8, cash income
Tourism – people try to syphen off of the tourism market…

14. VI. Other patterns
3. Does closeness to roads and markets associate with, for example, higher product extraction volumes, higher forest clearing, or patterns of specialization in your study?
Pearson correlations: Net direct forest income (DFI) and distance
Variable
Net Direct Forest Income
Distance to road
-0.058
Distance to district market
-0.008
Distance to market where forest products are sold
Pearson’s correlation (r):
r = small
r = medium
r = large
Pearson correlations: Net forest derived income (FDI) and distance
Variable
Net Forest Derived Income
Distance to road
0.103
Distance to district market
0.029
Distance to market where forest products are sold

15. VII. Policies and overall findings
Are there any particular projects or policies in the study area that have had a major impact on the patterns observed above?
69% of direct forest income is subsistence
What is sold is primarily sold within nearby villages (distance to markets not critical)
- Both direct and derived (oils, etc.) forest products
Paving of road has increased access to Belize City for wage income mainly, tourism, cattle
What are the most surprising, exciting or convincing findings from your study?
Seasonal importance “fillers”:
non-forest environmental income (e.g., mango)
forest products (cashew)
Remittances play an important role:
43 hh / 131 total (33%)
Total $95,850 BZ over 1 year
Remittances made up 32% of “other” incomes
direct Forest Income = 69% subsistence
feeling that more remote villages rely more on subsistence use of land
villages along paved road have more family members working in Belize City
If I separated out villages, I think these difference would be more obvious.
A few anomalies exist: a few hhs that are well off, educated and worked in the US, etc. that are obvious “outliers” in my study