1. Triacylglycerol metabolism

2. Foodstuffs and their energy contents
Energy (kcal/g)
protein 4
carbohydrates
triacylglycerol 9
alcohol 7

3. Carbon pools in carbohydrate and fat metabolism

4. Triacylglycerol and its cleavage products

5. Solubilization of fat by detergents

6. Uptake and re-packaging of digested fat in the small intestine

7. The lymphatics drain excess fluid from the interstitial space

8. Chylomicrons are drained from the intestine through the lymphatics, bypassing the liver

9. Lipoprotein lipase extracts triacylglycerol from chylomicrons

10. Two activated forms of fatty acids

11. Activation of fatty acids and transport to the mitochondrion

12. Reactions in β-oxidation

13. Shared reaction patterns in β-oxidation and TCA cycle
Enzyme
Reaction
Cosubstrate
TCA cycle pendant
acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
dehydrogenation of CH2–CH2 bond
FAD
succinate dehydrogenase
enoyl-CoA hydratase
hydration of CH2=CH2 bond
H2O
fumarase
hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
dehydrogenation of CH–OH bond
NAD+
malate dehydrogenase

14. The reaction mechanism of thiolase

15. Utilization of propionate

16. Organ relationships in triacylglycerol utilization

17. Brown fat tissue

18. Medium-chain fatty acids
contain less than 12 carbon atoms
low content in most foods, but relatively high (10–15%) in palm seed and coconut oil, from which they are industrially prepared
triglycerides with medium chains are more soluble and more rapidly hydrolyzed by gastric and pancreatic lipase
not efficiently re-esterified inside intestinal cells; systemic uptake mostly as free fatty acids
reach mitochondria by diffusion, without prior activation to acyl-CoA and acyl- carnitine

19. Ketone body metabolism

20. Synthesis of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate

21. Decarboxylation of acetoacetate

22. Acetone can serve as a precursor for gluconeogenesis

23. Anticonvulsant effects of acetone and acetol

24. The acetyl-CoA carboxylase reaction

25. The structure of fatty acid synthase

26. Phosphopantetheine acts as a flexible tether in acyl carrier protein

27. Fatty acid synthase reactions (1)

28. Fatty acid synthase reactions (2)

29. Mitochondrial export of acetyl-CoA via citrate

30. Mitochondrial export of acetyl-CoA via acetoacetate

31. Elongation and desaturation of fatty acids
elongases reside in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum
chemistry of elongation similar to β-oxidation in mitochondria, similar to fatty acid synthase in the ER
desaturases occur in the ER, introduce double bonds at various positions
double bonds are created at least 9 carbons away from the ω end—ω-3 fatty acids cannot be formed in human metabolism and are therefore essential

32. Cerulenin, an antibiotic that irreversibly inhibits fatty acid synthase

33. Fatty acid synthase inhibition slows tumor growth in mouse experiments

34. The glyoxylate cycle

35. Reactions in the glyoxylate cycle