1. Speech 2 Sept 13, 2017 – DAY 7 Brain & Language
LING
NSCI
Harry Howard
Tulane University

2. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
09/13/17
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Course organization
Fun with
I'm slowly getting everyone enrolled.
Check to see if download of podcast works.

3. Change in organization
09/13/17
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Change in organization
Old
New
Background
Introduction to the course
The fields of linguistics
The macrostructure of the brain
Speech
Sound
Speech sounds and their articulation
Auditory transduction
Subcortical audition
The auditory cortex
The superior temporal sulcus
Wernicke’s aphasia
Leftovers
The microstructure of the brain
Methodologies
Background
Introduction to the course
My philosophy of teaching
The fields of linguistics
Sound
Speech sounds and their articulation
The extended ascending auditory pathway
Perception
Auditory transduction
The microstructure of the brain (neurons)
Subcortical audition
The macrostructure of the brain (cortex)
The auditory cortex
The superior temporal sulcus
Wernicke’s aphasia

4. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
09/13/17
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Review
The quiz was the review.

5. (American) English vowel space
09/13/17
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
(American) English vowel space
[i] 'beet'
[ɪ] 'bit'
[e] 'bait'
[ɛ] 'bet'
[æ] 'bat'
[a] 'cot'
[ʌ] 'but'
[ə] 'comma'
[ɔ] 'bought'
[o] 'boat'
[ʊ] 'book'
[u] 'boot'
Front
Central
Back
High i ɪ u ʊ
Mid e ɛ
ʌ, ə o ɔ
Low æ a
Retracted
Neutral
Rounded
use Lucida Grande font

6. The three buccal cavities, articulating [i] and [a]
09/13/17
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
The three buccal cavities, articulating [i] and [a]

7. Speech spectrogram of [i, a]
09/13/17
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Speech spectrogram of [i, a] F3 F2 F1

8. [i] cavities vs formants
09/13/17
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
[i] cavities vs formants F2 F1

9. [a] cavities vs formants
09/13/17
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
[a] cavities vs formants F2 F1

10. Learning: mapping between perception & production
09/13/17
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Learning: mapping between perception & production F2 F1

11. Production: monitoring by perception
09/13/17
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Production: monitoring by perception F2 F1

12. Perception: prediction from production
09/13/17
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Perception: prediction from production F2 F1

13. Vowels of English in [b__d]
[i, ɪ, eɪ, ɛ, æ]
F2 corresponds to advancement
F1 corresponds inversely to height
bigvs.jpg
[ɑ, ɔ, o, ʊ, u]
09/13/17
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University

14. Consonants: place of articulation
09/13/17
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Consonants: place of articulation

15. (American) English consonants paired by voicing: voiceless ~ voiced
Place/
Manner
Bilabial
Labio-dental
Inter-dental
Alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Glottal
Stop
p b
t d
k g ʔ
Nasal m n ŋ
Affricate
ʧ ʤ
Fricative
f v
θ ð
s z
ʃ ʒ h
Liquid
l,ɹ
Glide w j
09/13/17
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University

16. Spectrograms of the fricatives in [u_a]
09/13/17
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Spectrograms of the fricatives in [u_a]
[f, θ, s, ʃ ]
[v, ð, z, ʒ ]

17. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
09/13/17
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
speech 2

18. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
09/13/17
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
'BP'

19. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
09/13/17
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Voice onset time (VOT)

20. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Prosody
Prosody is the quality of spoken language that provides its melodic contour and rhythm.
Such distinctions are produced by variation in three parameters, which are borne in turn by three qualities of sound waves, respectively:
sound waves
prosody
fundamental frequency
pitch
intensity
stress
timing
duration
features which help the hearer to decode syntactic and lexical meaning as well as emotional content.
Prosody differentiates, say, the neutral statement of fact “It’s my fault” from the sarcastic question-like rejoinder “It’s MY fault?”.
09/13/17
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University

21. Kinds of linguistic prosody
09/13/17
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Kinds of linguistic prosody
Lexical prosody
Phrasal prosody
Contrastive (or emphatic or focal) stress [clausal prosody].
Sentence type and prosodic contour.

22. Lexical prosody (CAPS mark stressed syllable)
09/13/17
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Lexical prosody (CAPS mark stressed syllable)
Noun vs. verb in English (±15)
CONvert
conVERT
Thai, a tone language
naa with a rising pitch tone means “thick”
naa with a falling pitch tone means “face”

23. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
09/13/17
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Phrasal prosody
Compound noun rule
noun phrase: hot DOG (a dog that is hot)
adjective+noun: HOTdog (a frankfurter)
noun+noun: SHEEPdog (a breed of dogs)
Stress retraction
After eating fourTEEN, CAKES did not tempt him.
After eating FOURteen CAKES, he threw up.

24. Contrastive (or emphatic or focal) stress [clausal prosody]
09/13/17
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Contrastive (or emphatic or focal) stress [clausal prosody]
Examples
The horses were racing from the BARN.
The HORSES were racing from the barn.

25. Sentence type and prosodic contour
09/13/17
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Sentence type and prosodic contour
Types
declarative: fall in pitch at end
I eat chocolate.
interrogative:
Do you eat chocolate? [rise for yes-no question]
What do you eat? [fall for interrogative pronoun]
imperative: even pitch throughout; rise in intensity at end
Eat chocolate!

26. Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
09/13/17
Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
NEXT TIME
Perception