1. Figures of speech (rhetoric devices) Prepared by: Ahmed Z. Elshourbasi
Under the supervision of: Dr. Waleed Amer

2. 1- Personification :
التشخيص
Personification is when you assign the qualities of a person to something that is not human or, in some cases, to something that is not even alive.
1- Look at my car. She is a beauty, isn’t it so?
2- The bees played hide and seek with the flowers as they buzzed from one to another.
3- The sky weeps.
التشخيص:
يَوْمَ نَقُولُ لِجَهَنَّمَ هَلِ امْتَلَأْتِ وَتَقُولُ هَلْ مِنْ مَزِيدٍ ﴿ق 30﴾
سَمِعُوا لَهَا تَغَيُّظًا وَزَفِيرًا (الفرقان)12

3. 2- Metaphor and simile: التشبيه
Metaphor is the comparison of two different things by speaking of one in terms of anther; a metaphor asserts that one thing actually is another thing.
E.g.
1- He fought like a lion.
2- The eyes are the windows of the soul.
Simile: like the metaphor but the difference is only in the article.
1- He was a lion in the battle.
2- "My love is like a red, red rose" Robert Burns"

4. In Arabic
التشبيه:
1- أنا كالماءَ إِنْ رَضيتُ صفاءً... وإذَا مَا سَخطتُ كُنتُ لهيبا
2- سِرْنا في ليلٍ بَهيم ... كأَنَّهُ البَحْرُ ظَلاماً وإِرْهاباً.
3- الجَوَادُ في السرعة بَرْقٌ خاطِفٌ

5. 3- Symbolism:
الرمزية
Symbolism is the use of symbols to signify ideas and qualities by giving them symbolic meanings that are different from their literal sense.
1- "Black" is a symbol that represents evil or death.
2- "The dove“ is a symbol of peace.
3- "red rose" or "red color" stands for love or romance.

6. الرمزية:
1-«جئتكم حاملا غصن الزيتون في يدٍ وببندقية الثائر في يدٍ"
3-" محمد ذو قلب أبيض"

7. 4- Metonymy:
الكناية أو المجاز المرسل
The name of an object or concept is replaced with a word closely related to or suggested by the original.
1- "Lend me your ears!" from Mark Antony in Julius Caesar.
2- "eyes on the board"
3- We must wait to hear from the crown.

8. الكناية:
1- قد رزقي الله بحورية صغيرة.
2- استضافني رجل طائي.

9. 5- Irony:
التورية
The use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning, or they are words used in such a way that their intended meaning is different from the actual meaning of the words. 1- “Oh great! Now you have broken my new camera.”
2- As sunny as a winter day in Alaska.

10. التورية: 1- قال حافظ إبراهيم مداعبا صديقة أحمد شوقي يقولون:
إن الشوق نار ولوعة  فما بال شوقي اليوم أصبح باردا ؟ 
2- أقبل نبي الله صلى الله عليه وسلم إلى المدينة وهو مردف أبا بكر، وأبو بكر شيخ يعرف، ونبي الله صلى الله عليه وسلم شاب لا يعرف قال: فيلقى الرجل أبا بكر فيقول: يا أبا بكر من هذا الرجل الذي بين يديك؟ فيقول: هذا الرجل يهديني السبيل. قال فيحسب الحاسب أنه إنما يعني الطريق وإنما يعني سبيل الخير....

11. 6- Paradox:
A statement appears to be self-contradictory or silly but may include a latent truth. It is also used to illustrate an opinion or statement contrary to accepted traditional ideas.
1- I am nobody
2- he killed me with his kindness.
2- Wise fool
3- “I must be cruel to be kind.”
4- Ignorance is strength .
5- War is peace
التضاد:
الناطق الأبكم
"صامت لو تكلم"

12. 7- Alliteration:
Alliteration is the repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of each or most of the words in a sentence.
1- "Let us go forth to lead the land we love" - J. F. Kennedy
2-  The wild winds whisk to the West.

13. 8- Polysemy: 1- We had a good time yesterday. enjoyable
is the association of one word with two or more distinct meanings adjective good in the following sentences:
1- We had a good time yesterday. enjoyable
2- That ticket is good for travel on any flight. valid
3- It’s a good ten miles to the next gas station. complete

14. تعدد المعاني:
1- احضرت لكم مياه من العين
2- عين الانسان من اهم أعضاء الجسم
3- قبضت الشرطة على عين للعدو

15. 10- Antonyms: (opposites)
Is a word that has the opposite meaning as another word, it refers to a word that is completely different from another.
1- wanted, dead or a live.
2- bad – good
3- before – after
4- day and night
5- black and white.
التضاد:
1- (( يهب لمن يشاء إناثاً ويهب لمن يشاء الذكور ويجعل من يشاء عقيما))
2- ((إن في خلق السموات والأرض واختلاف الليل والنهار لآيات لأولي الالباب))