1. Christine L. Borgman, Distinguished Professor and Presidential Chair in Information Studies at UCLA, is the author of more than 250 publications in information studies, computer science, and communication. She directs the Center for Knowledge Infrastructures with research grants from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the National Science Foundation, and other sources.
Bernie Randles (second from left), a second-year PhD student, brings her expertise in computer science and mathematics to our studies of data and software relationships in Astronomy.

2. Sharing Your Code: Factors on Going Public A talk at Python in Astronomy May 2017 Lorentz Center, Leiden
Bernie Randles,
Information Studies, UCLA
Center for Knowledge Infrastructures

3. Code Sharing is a part of a bigger problem: open science!

4. What is open science?
Open science is a way to do research, a set of best practices.
In a open science framework, research objects are available, for free, to all (FAIR principles –Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable).
Why do we need it? To foster transparency, reproducibility, reuse, and innovation in science.
Astronomy citizen science, scientific method is all about reproducibility
Wilkinson, M. D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, Ij. J., Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., … Mons, B. (2016). The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Scientific Data, 3,

5. Open science policies around the world
European Union
U.S. Federal research policy
Research Councils of the UK
Australian Research Council
Individual countries, funding agencies, journals, universities
(Brief)
This is the starting point – countries, funding agencies, journals, and universities have policies that encourage or require people to share their data in some set period of time
The specifics of open access policies for pubs and data vary widely, but a growing number of countries and funding agencies have them
OA to pubs becoming ubiquitous and OA to data is growing, including in Asia.
ADD MORE LOGOS

6. Components of open science:
Open Repositories of Publications
Open Data (data can be shared in open repositories, tables in papers, sky surveys, etc.)
Open Standards
Open Code (code can be shared in libraries, with differing versions and dependencies, etc.)
Standardized citation practices
Open licenses
These are complex problems! Many different ways to do these!
Pasquetto, I. V., Sands, A. E. and Borgman, C. L. (2015), Exploring openness in data and science: What is “open,” to whom, when, and why?. Proc. Assoc. Info. Sci. Tech., 52: 1–2. doi: /pra

7. Groups working on sharing in research
Examples of some groups- Force11 trying to get beyond the archaic pdf, beyond physical pieces of paper as being the end result

8. Open Science in Astronomy
Examples in Astronomy:
Open Repositories of Publications
Open Data from surveys
Open Standards
Open Code
Rich history of sharing compared to other fields

9. Code Citing and Code Mentioning in Astronomy
Mentioning code: providing links in bodies of papers
Citing code: bibliographic citations in papers
2 forms of sharing

10. Why Cite and Mention Code?
To make findable
To provide credit to researchers
To be tracked
To make measurable impacts
To improve: standards, collaborations, sustainability
This is FAIR

11. Complexities of Citing Code
Code has no standards for citations or mentions, journals vary
Code evolves: Citing/mentioning general code language and version, plus actual repository of code
workshop was held in Leiden, Netherlands, in 2014, named ‘Jointly Designing a Data Fairport’. 

12. Citing and mentioning code
Citing code: bibliographic citations in papers
EXAMPLE:
Citing a library

13. Citing and mentioning code
Mentioning code: providing links in bodies of papers
Software mention in both footnote
and in body acknowledgements
workshop was held in Leiden, Netherlands, in 2014, named ‘Jointly Designing a Data Fairport’. 
Ridl, J., Clerc, N., Sadibekova, T., Faccioli, L., Pacaud, F., Greiner, J., … Sanders, J. (2017). Cosmology with XMM galaxy clusters: the X-CLASS/GROND catalogue and photometric redshifts. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 468(1), 662–684.

14. Obtaining a DOI: Digital Object Identifier
DOI: a unique alphanumeric code assigned by a registration agency to provide a persistent link on the internet
What can DOIs also be used to cite (besides papers)?
Data, repositories, zip files: level of granularity depends!
Who provides DOIs for these?
Publishers, Datacite, Zenodo, Figshare and many more organizations

15. One step further… Code is mentioned and cited in a research paper
Can we share our code research processes too?
Can we share a recipe for others to follow?

16. Jupyter Notebooks as a Tool for Open Science
Looked at Jupyter Notebook mentions in the Astrophysics Data System
91 publications, 8 ways of mentioning
Growing (week of May 3, 124 mentions)
Randles, B.M., Pasquetto, I.V., Golshan, M.S., & Borgman, C.L. (2017, June). Using the Jupyter Notebook as a Tool for Open Science: An Empirical Study. Poster session presented at the Joint Conference on Digital Libraries, Toronto, Canada.

17. Ways to Share in an Astronomy paper
Show their data tables, charts and visualizations in paper
Gullikson, K., Kraus, A., & Dodson-Robinson, S. (2016). The Close Companion Mass-Ratio Distribution of Intermediate-Mass Stars. The Astronomical Journal, 152(2), 40.

18. Ways to Share in an Astronomy paper
Links to a Python package:
Gullikson, K., Kraus, A., & Dodson-Robinson, S. (2016). The Close Companion Mass-Ratio Distribution of Intermediate-Mass Stars. The Astronomical Journal, 152(2), 40.

19. Ways to Share in an Astronomy paper
Links to Zenodo
Spectra Data made open, available in Zenodo
Gullikson, K., Kraus, A., & Dodson-Robinson, S. (2016). The Close Companion Mass-Ratio Distribution of Intermediate-Mass Stars. The Astronomical Journal, 152(2), 40.

20. Ways to Share in an Astronomy paper
Jupyter Notebooks mentioned
Analysis code available in GitHub repository
Github or bitbucket are code repository
Gullikson, K., Kraus, A., & Dodson-Robinson, S. (2016). The Close Companion Mass-Ratio Distribution of Intermediate-Mass Stars. The Astronomical Journal, 152(2), 40.

21. Jupyter Notebooks: Providing a recipe
Jupyter Notebooks recipe: connect code, explain code, contextualize code
Can connect: scripts, versions, SHAs, dependencies, libraries, how to cite for others
Gullikson, K., Kraus, A., & Dodson-Robinson, S. (2016). The Close Companion Mass-Ratio Distribution of Intermediate-Mass Stars. The Astronomical Journal, 152(2), 40.

22. Jupyter Notebooks: Providing a recipe
Different ways to mention and cite:
Link to Jupyter notebook itself or repository of them
Cite as instructed by Jupyter.org:
IPython
Fernando Pérez and Brian E. Granger. IPython: A System for Interactive Scientific Computing, Computing in Science & Engineering, 9, (2007), DOI: /MCSE  (publisher link)
Gullikson, K., Kraus, A., & Dodson-Robinson, S. (2016). The Close Companion Mass-Ratio Distribution of Intermediate-Mass Stars. The Astronomical Journal, 152(2), 40.

23. Here is another way to mention
Jupyter Notebooks in a paper:

24. Conclusions:
There are different ways to share your code and associated data in an open repository, and cite them, mention them
Open science practices benefit by increased visibility, collaborations, sharing of knowledge
Thank you!