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The Centre lathe Damian Keenan
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The Centre Lathe is used to manufacture cylindrical shapes from a range of materials including; steels and plastics. Components that assemble to make an car engine work have been made using lathes. The Lathe may be operated by people (manual lathes) or computer controlled lathes (CNC machines) that have been programmed to carry out a particular task.
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A basic manual centre lathe
This type of lathe is controlled by a person turning the various handles on the top slide and cross slide in order to make a product / part.
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Lathe Parts Lathe bed Made from rigid cast Iron
Accurately machined slideways Slideways guide carriage & tailstock Headstock on upper end of the lathe bed
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Lathe parts Headstock Holds lathe spindle and gears
Chuck is fitted to spindle Spindle is hollow for long bars
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Lathe parts Tailstock Can be moved along slideways Can be clamped
in any location Inside tapered to hold drill chuck
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Lathe parts Carriage Moves along bed between tailstock and headstock
Saddle – across the lathe Apron – hangs down in front
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Lathe parts Cross Slide Fitted on the Saddle
Moves cutting tool at right angles to lathe bed
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Top Slide (Compound slide)
Lathe parts Top Slide (Compound slide) Fitted to top of Cross slide Carries toolpost and cutting tool Can rotate to any angle Is used to turn tapers
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Lathe parts Feed shaft Lead screw Used to move the Carriage of the
Cross slide automatically Lead screw Used when screw cutting on the lathe
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Lathe Parts Three Jaw Chuck Holds round and hexagonal work
Self centring Holds round and hexagonal work 3 jaws are connected Jaws are stamped 1,2 & 3 and fitted in order Chuck key used to open
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Lathe parts Toolpost Fitted on top slide and carries the cutting tool or the cutting tool holder Can adjust the height on some types Can carry 4 different tool holders
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Lathe parts Tool holders Used for holding cutting tool bits
Available in Right hand, left hand and straight
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Cutting Tools Can be High Speed Steel held in tool holders
Can be also Ceramic (Tungsten carbide) bits held directly in toolpost
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Cutting Tool Angle Clearance angle
Ensures only the cutting edge of the tool touches the work Too much clearance causes chatter
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Cutting tool angle Rake Angle Allows the chip being cut to flow out
Changing the rake changes the power used in cutting and the heat generated Large rake = soft ductile materials Small rake = hard brittle materials
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Cutting tool angle Tool bits are held in holders at an angle of about 15°
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Cutting tools We can put different shapes on the High speed tool bits to cut different shapes on the workpiece
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Lathe operations Turning Facing off
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Parallel Turning The tool moved parallel to the work and cylindrical shapes are formed Also known as sliding
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Parallel Turning The student can Parallel turn the work on the lathe manually or use the automatic traverse option
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Facing off The tool is moved at right angles to the work using the cross slide Flat surfaces are produced
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Knurling A knurling tool is used to press a pattern onto a round section. The pattern is normally used as a grip for a handle. This provide a grip for the round part e.g. Screwdriver
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Knurling
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Parting off If the student wants to cut off the part they have turned, they can use the hacksaw and a vice or use the parting off tool on the lathe.
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Setting the tool height
The cutting tool on the lather must be set to the exact centre of the workpiece We use the center of the tailstock to guide us to the correct height
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Screw-cutting on the lathe
Lathes are also used to cut threads in round bars These threads take up different profiles e.g iso (60°) ACME etc. These threads can be seen on bench vices, lathes etc.
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CNC Lathes
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In Industry it is not efficient or profitable to make everyday products by hand.
On a CNC machine it is possible to make hundreds of the same item in a day. First a design is drawn using design software, then it is processed by the computer and made using the CNC machine. In industry, CNC machines can be extremely large.
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LATHE OPERATIONS Producing a Flat Surface
LATHE OPERATIONS Producing a Flat Surface Producing a Cylindrical Surface . Taper Turning
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Radius Turning Attachment
Drilling on a Lathe Parting Off / Under Cutting
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