1. By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
The
Industrial
Revolution
By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

2. Why Did
Industrialization
Begin in
England First?

3. That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte
Industrial England:
"Workshop
of the World"
That Nation of Shopkeepers! Napoleon Bonaparte

4. The Enclosure Movement

5. “Enclosed” Lands Today

6. Metals, Woolens, & Canals

7. Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure
Early Canals
Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure

8. Mine & Forge [1840-1880] More powerful than water is coal.
More powerful than wood is iron.
Innovations make steel feasible.
“Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.”
“Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel.
Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel.

9. Coalfields & Industrial Areas

10. Coal Mining in Britain: 1800-1914
1 ton of coal
50, 000 miners
1850
30 tons
200, 000 miners
1880
300 million tons
500, 000 miners
1914
250 million tons
1, 200, 000 miners

11. Young Coal Miners

12. Child Labor in the Mines
Child “hurriers”

13. British Pig Iron Production

14. Industrial Revolution
New Inventions
of the
Industrial Revolution

15. John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

16. The Power Loom

17. James Watt’s Steam Engine

18. Richard Arkwright: “Pioneer of the Factory System”
The “Water Frame”

19. Jacquard’s Loom

20. Factory Production
Concentrates production in one place [materials, labor].
Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].
Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labor.
Only 10% of English industry in

21. The Factory System Rigid schedule. 12-14 hour day.
Dangerous conditions.
Mind-numbing monotony.

22. Textile Factory Workers in England

23. Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

24. Textile Factory Workers in England
1813
2400 looms
150, 000 workers
1833
85, 000 looms
200, 000 workers
1850
224, 000 looms
>1 million workers

25. British Coin Portraying a Factory, 1812

26. Steam Tractor

27. Steam Ship

28. An Early Steam Locomotive

29. Later Locomotives

30. The Impact of the Railroad

31. “The Great Land Serpent”

32. Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851
Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.

33. Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

34. Crystal Palace: British Ingenuity on Display

35. Crystal Palace: American Pavilion

36. Late 18c: French Economic Advantages
Napoleonic Code.
French communal law.
Free contracts
Open markets
Uniform & clear commercial regulations
Standards weights & measures.
Established technical schools.
The government encouraged & honored inventors & inventions.
Bank of France  European model providing a reliable currency.

37. French Economic Disadvantages
Years of war
Supported the American Revolution.
French Revolution.
Early 19c  Napoleonic Wars
Heavy debts.
High unemployment  soldiers returning from the battlefronts.
French businessmen were afraid to take risks.

38. Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of Worker
Male Wages
Female Wages
under 11
2s 3d.
2s. 4d.
4s. 1d.
4s. 3d.
10s. 2d.
7s. 3d.
17s. 2d.
8s. 5d.
20s. 4d.
8s. 7d.
22s. 8d.
8s. 9d.
21s. 7d.
9s. 8d.
20s. 3d.
9s. 3d.
16s. 7d.
8s. 10d.
16s. 4d.
8s. 4d.
13s. 6d.
6s. 4d.

39. Industrial Staffordshire

40. The Silent Highwayman - 1858
Problems of Polution
The Silent Highwayman

41. The New Industrial City

42. Early-19c London by Gustave Dore

43. The Results of
Industrialization
at the end of the 19c

44. By 1850: Zones of Industrialization on the European Continent
Northeast France.
Belgium.
The Netherlands.
Western German states.
Northern Italy
East Germany  Saxony

45. Industrialization By 1850

46. Railroads on the Continent

47. Share in World Manufacturing Output: 1750-1900

48. Industrial Revolution
The "Haves":
Bourgeois Life
Thrived on the
Luxuries of the
Industrial Revolution

49. 19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche

50. Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

51. Stereotype of the Factory Owner

52. “Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

53. The "Have-Nots":
The Poor,
The Over-Worked,
& the Destitute

54. Worker Housing in Manchester

55. Factory Workers at Home

56. Workers Housing in Newcastle Today

57. The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!

58. Protests / Reformers

59. Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

60. Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”

61. The Luddites: 1811-1816 Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].
Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]

62. The Luddite Triangle

63. The Luddites

64. The Neo-Luddites Today

65. Peterloo Massacre, 1819
British Soldiers Fire on British Workers: Let us die like men, and not be sold like slaves!

66. The Chartists Key Chartist settlements Centres of Chartism
       
Chartist settlements
        
Centres of Chartism
     
Area of plug riots, 1842

67. The “Peoples’ Charter”
Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett.
Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.
Votes for all men.
Equal electoral districts.
Abolition of the requirement that Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners.
Payment for Members of Parliament.
Annual general elections.
The secret ballot.

68. The Chartists A female Chartist
A physical force— Chartists arming for the fight.

69. New Ways of
Thinking

70. Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations (1776)
Invisible Hand – “Mr. Laissez Faire”
Law of Supply and Demand
Law of Competition

71. David Ricardo “Iron Law of Wages.”
When wages are high, workers have more children.
More children create a large labor surplus that depresses wages.
So there is no point in artificially raising wages (through legislation/min. wage laws)

72. Thomas Malthus Population growth will outpace the food supply.
War, disease, or famine could control population.
The poor should have less children; choosing instead, a higher standard of living
Only then will food supply keep up with population.

73. The Utilitarians: Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill
The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number.
There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safety net.

74. Jeremy Bentham Principles of Morals and Legislation, 1789
For the most part, government can insure utility (Happiness: most pleasure, least pain) for the greatest number by permitting maximum amount freedom (laissez faire), but there may be times when the pain of the many exceeds the pleasure of the few, then the government must justifiably intervene

75. John Stuart Mill Principles of Political Economy (1848)
Society must exercise some control over the distribution of wealth
Workers should be free to form labor unions
Government (laws) should restrict child labor
Government (laws) should proect female workers (he even talked about universal suffrage!)
Advocated elementary, state-supported education for all
Advocated income and (confiscatory) inheritance taxes to redistribute wealth

76. to the Protest and the Dislocation
Br. Govt. Response
to the Protest and the Dislocation
Created by
Industrialization

77. Anti-Corn Law League, 1845
Expose trade and agriculture to foreign competition (thus lower prices)
Lower price of bread  employers could lower wages/ cost of production, thus prices, so British goods more competitive.
Give manufactures more outlets for their products (because other nations would follow suit and lift their tariffs on English goods).
Thus, would expand employment
Make British agriculture more efficient and productive.
Promote international peace through trade contact.
*1846 Corn Laws were repealed…Why?

78. Government Response
Abolition of slavery in the colonies in (1832) [to raise wages in Britain].
Sadler Committee (1831) to look into child labor working conditions
Factory Act [1833] – child labor.
New Poor Law (1834) – indoor relief.
Poor houses; dole.
Reform Bill (1832) – broadened the vote for the middle class in cities.

79. British Reform Bill of 1832

80. British Reform Bills

81. Some Political Side Effects of Industrialization
State ownership of some industries.
RRs  Belgium & most of Germany.
Tariffs  ex. British Corn Laws.
National Banks granted a monopoly on issuing bank notes.
Bank of England.
Bank of France.
Companies required to register with the government & publish annual budgets.
New legislation to:
Establish limited liability.
Create rules for the formation of corporations.
Postal systems.
Free trade zones  ex. German Zollverein

82. The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists
People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals.
Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

83. Bibliographic Sources
“Images of the Industrial Revolution.” Mt. Holyoke College.
“The Peel Web: A Web of English History.”