1. Chapter 11 Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
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2. Conceptions of Adolescence
Biological perspective:
puberty
G. Stanley Hall: storm and stress
Freud: genital stage
Social perspective:
Margaret Mead: social and cultural influences
Balanced point of view:
biological, psychological, and social influences
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
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3. Three Phases of Adolescence
Early
11–12 to
14 years
Rapid pubertal change
Middle
14 to 16 years
Puberty nearly complete
Late
16 to 18 years
Full adult appearance
Anticipation of adult roles
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

4. Hormonal Changes in Puberty
Growth hormone and thyroxine
Boys:
androgens: testosterone
Girls:
estrogens
adrenal androgens
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
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5. Sex Differences in Body Growth in Adolescence
Boys
Girls
Growth spurt
starts age 12½
starts age 10
Proportions
shoulders broaden
longer legs
hips broaden
Muscle–fat makeup
gain more muscle, aerobic efficiency
add more fat
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

6. Decline in Physical Activity from Ages 9 to 15
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Figure Decline in physical activity from ages 9 to 15 among U.S. boys and girls
Figure 11.2
(Adapted from Nader et al., 2008.)
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

7. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Sexual Maturation
Primary Sexual Characteristics
Maturation of the reproductive organs
Girls: menarche
Boys: spermarche
Secondary Sexual Characteristics
Other visible parts of the body that signal sexual maturity
Girls: breasts
Boys: facial hair, voice change
Both: underarm hair
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

8. Individual Differences in Timing of Puberty
Heredity
Nutrition, exercise
SES
Race/ethnicity
Early family experiences
Secular trends
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
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9. Adolescent Brain Development
Synaptic pruning
continues
Prefrontal cortex
Cognitive advances:
attention
planning
integrating information
self-regulation
Expansion of synaptic connections, myelination
Linkages among cortical regions strengthen
Neurotransmitter response changes
More sensitive to excitatory messages
Increased responsiveness to
stress
pleasure and novelty
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

10. Sleep Habits in Adolescence
Still need almost as much sleep, but go to bed later:
sleep “phase delay”
social habits
Lack of sleep impairs executive function:
reduced achievement
increased anxiety, depressed mood
high-risk behaviors
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

11. Reactions to Pubertal Changes
Girls
Surprise
Mixed feelings
Preparation, information helpful
Ethnic variations
Boys
Could benefit from more social support
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

12. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Adolescent Moodiness
Linked to more negative life events
Mood swings:
related to daily events
highs in peer settings
lows in adult-structured settings
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
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13. Parent–Child Relationships
Rise in conflict:
has adaptive value: psychological distancing
different views of adolescent readiness for responsibility
Most conflict is
mild
balanced by affection, support
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
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14. Consequences of Pubertal Timing
Girls
Boys
Early Maturing
Unpopular, withdrawn, low in confidence
Less positive body image
More deviant behavior
Prone to lasting difficulties
Popular
Self-confident, independent
More positive body image
Late Maturing
Sociable, school leaders
Unpopular
Anxiety, depressed mood
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

15. Factors Accounting for Pubertal Timing Effects
Cultural ideals of physical attractiveness
Fitting in with peers’ physical maturity
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
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16. Nutrition in Adolescence
Calorie needs increase
Poor food choices common:
skipping breakfast
eating fast foods
Iron, vitamin–mineral deficiencies
Family meals associated with healthier diet
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
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17. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Eating Disorders
Anorexia nervosa
Starve self due to fear of getting fat
Equally common across SES groups
Racial/ethnic variations
Heredity, neurotransmitter abnormalities, parenting style, and personal/cultural factors contribute
Difficult to treat
Bulimia nervosa
Strict dieting, excessive exercise, and purging
Heredity, parenting style, and personal/cultural factors contribute
More common and easier to treat than anorexia
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
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18. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Adolescent Sexuality
North American attitudes relatively restrictive:
media and family messages contradictory
more liberal attitudes over past 40 years: most say extramarital sex OK for committed partners
Activity matches attitudes: sexual activity rates declining since 1990s
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
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19. U.S. Adolescents Reporting Ever Having Had Sexual Intercourse
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Figure U.S. adolescents who report ever having had sexual intercourse
Figure 11.4
(From U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2012f.)
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

20. Characteristics of Sexually Active Adolescents
Personal
Early pubertal timing
Childhood impulsivity
Weak sense of personal control
Family
Step-, single-parent, or large family
Little or no religious involvement
Weak parental monitoring, disrupted parent–child communication
Peer
Sexually active friends and older siblings
Alcohol, drug use
Educational
Poor school performance
Low educational goals
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

21. Adolescent Contraceptive Use
20% of U.S. sexually active teenagers do not use consistently
Reasons:
concern about others’ opinions
unrealistic about consequences
sexual exploitation
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Figure Contraceptive use by sexually active 15-year-olds in 10 industrialized nations
Figure 11.5
(Adapted from Godeau et al., 2008; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2012f.)
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

22. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Homosexuality
Impact of heredity:
X-linked
Prenatal sex hormones
Birth order
Sequence of coming out:
Feeling different (ages 6–12)
Confusion (ages 11–15)
Self-acceptance (end of adolescence)
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
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23. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Adolescents and STDs
STD rates highest in adolescence:
especially high in United States
1 out of 5 to 6 sexually active teens affected
AIDS most serious:
manifests 8–10 years later
often infected during adolescence
Females more easily infected
STD education improving
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

24. U.S. Adolescent Pregnancy Statistics
About 727,000 teen pregnancies in most recently reported year
12,000 younger than age 15
1 in 4 end in abortion
87% of births to unwed mothers
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Figure Birth rates among 15- to 19-year-olds in 15 industrialized nations
Figure 11.6
(From Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011c.)
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

25. Factors Contributing to Adolescent Parenthood
Low parental warmth, abuse
Repeated parental divorce
Poor school achievement
Alcohol, drug use
Antisocial behavior
Low SES
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
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26. Risks for Teenage Mothers and Babies
Low educational attainment
More time as single parent
Economic difficulties
Pregnancy and birth complications
Weak parenting skills
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
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27. Teen Pregnancy Prevention and Intervention
Strategies
Better sex education
Skills for handling sexual situations
Information and access to contraceptives
Academic and social competence
School involvement
Intervention
Strategies
Health care
Help staying in school
Job and life-management training
Parenting instruction
Adult mentors
Affordable child care
Father support
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

28. U.S. Adolescent Substance Use
Have tried, by grade 10:
cigarettes—33%
alcohol—58%
illegal drugs—37%
By end of high school:
11% smoke regularly
27% report recent heavy drinking
25% have used highly addictive drugs
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Figure Tenth-grade students in the United States and Europe who have used various substances
Figure 11.7
(Adapted from ESPAD, 2012; Johnson et al., 2011.)
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

29. Substance Use versus Abuse
Experimenters
Psychologically healthy
Sociable
Sensation-seeking
Abusers
Low SES
Family mental health problems, substance abuse
Child abuse
Impulsivity, hostility
Drug-taking starts earlier
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

30. Prevention and Treatment
Good school programs
promote effective parenting
teach skills to resist peer pressure
reduce social acceptability of drugs
Interventions to prevent harm
Family and individual therapy
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
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31. Piaget’s Theory: Formal Operational Stage
Hypothetico-deductive reasoning:
problem solving based on a hypothesis, deducing logical, testable inferences
pendulum problem
Propositional thought:
evaluating the logic of verbal propositions without using real-world circumstances
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

32. Piaget’s Pendulum Problem
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Figure Piaget’s pendulum problem
Figure 11.8
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

33. Follow-Up Research on Formal Operational Thought
School-age children show beginnings of formal operational thought
Adolescents are considerably more competent:
reason about more variables simultaneously
grasp logical necessity
Formal operations may not be universal:
training and context contribute
schooling is powerfully influential
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

34. Gains in Information Processing: Executive Function
Attention
Inhibition
Strategies
Knowledge
Metacognition
Cognitive self-regulation
Speed of thinking
Processing capacity
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
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35. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Scientific Reasoning
Coordinating theory with evidence
Contributing factors:
working memory capacity
exposure to complex problems
metacognitive understanding
open-mindedness
Adolescents and adults vary widely
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

36. Scientific Reasoning Task
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Figure 11.9
(Adapted from Kuhn, Amsel, & O’Loughlin, 1988.)
Figure Which features of these sports balls—size, color, surface texture, or presence or absence of ridges—influence the quality of a player’s serve?
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37. Consequences of Adolescent Cognitive Changes
Self-consciousness and self-focusing:
imaginary audience
personal fable
Idealism and criticism
Decision making:
influenced by immediate reward
fall back on well-learned, intuitive judgments
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
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38. Sex Differences in Mental Abilities
Skill
Performance
Biological Influences
Environmental Influences
Verbal
Girls do better throughout the school years
Girls advantaged in earlier development of left hemisphere
More verbal stimulation
Language arts considered “feminine”
Math
Boys do better on tests of complex reasoning, but difference is shrinking
Boys advantaged in numerical memory, spatial reasoning
Math considered “masculine”
Parents see boys as better at math
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

39. School Transitions in Adolescence
Grades decline with each transition:
higher academic standards
less supportive teaching–learning environment
Drop in self-esteem:
girls more than boys
additional strains increase risk
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
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40. Problem Behaviors Across Transition to High School
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Figure Increase in truancy and out-of-school problem behaviors across the transition to high school in four groups of students
Figure 11.12
(Adapted from Roeser, Eccles, & Freedman-Doan, 1999.)
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41. Helping Adolescents Adjust to School Transitions
Parent involvement, monitoring
Close friendships
Smaller units within schools
Same-ethnicity peers
Homeroom teacher relationships
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
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42. Supporting Academic Achievement
Child-rearing practices
Authoritative
Joint decision making
Parent involvement in education
Peer influences
Valuing high achievement
School characteristics
Warm, personal teaching
Classroom learning experiences
Opportunities to break out of low academic tracks
Employment
Limited hours of part-time employment
Availability of work–study programs
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

43. High School Graduation Rates
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
Figure High school graduation rates in 10 industrialized nations
Figure 11.13
(From OECD, 2011a.)
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

44. Factors Related to Dropping Out
Low grades, low academic self-esteem
No extracurricular involvement
Family background:
uninvolved parenting style
limited parental education
Grade retention
Large, impersonal schools
General education, vocational tracks
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
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45. Dropout Prevention Strategies
Remedial instruction
Personalized counseling
High-quality vocational training
Addressing personal factors related to dropout
Extracurricular participation
Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
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46. Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
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Development Through the Lifespan Sixth Edition ● Laura E. Berk
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