1. Conflicts and Crusades Chapter 22

2. Section 1 Notes- Popes and Rulers ( page 652)
After Charlemagne’s empire collapsed, the German part of the kingdom was divided.
Each kingdom chose one of their own to be king.
Otto the Great- German king who became powerful by making alliances (friendships) with other nobles.
962- persuades the pope to crown him as emperor

3. Otto the Great
His empire included the land that came to be known as Germany and extended into the Italian lands.
Otto created a stable empire with princes that ruled states and were loyal to him.
He worked closely with the church, like Charlemagne, and strengthened during his reign.

4. After Otto…
After Otto’s death, his descendants known as the Ottonian kings ruled.
The empire became known as the Holy Roman Empire.
The name showed that the German kings wanted to create a Christian, or holy, version of the Roman Empire.

5. Rulers VS Popes
Eventually a long conflict occurs between the rulers and the popes.
1073- A monk named Hildebrand became Pope Gregory VII. He believed that the emperor should not have power over the Church. It led to a conflict with Henry IV, the Holy Roman emperor.

6. Pope Gregory’s Rules
Pope Gregory created a list of rules that included a bold statement:
“ That it may be permitted to him to depose emperors.”
Why would this statement set the stage for a clash of will between Pope Gregory and Emperor Henry IV?

7. Struggle for Power….
Emperor Henry IV
Pope Gregory
He ignored the pope’s rules and named his own bishop for the City of Milan.
Henry tried to remove Gregory from his position as Pope
After Gregory freed the subjects, Henry had no power.
He visited the pope in an Italian castle.
In response, Pope Gregory appointed a rival bishop.
Gregory excommunicated Henry. (to exclude a person from a church or a religious community)
He freed Henry’s subjects from their feudal oaths of loyalty to the emperor.
Struggle between Henry and Gregory still continued.

8. Church and state in England
Similar conflicts were arising in England
King Henry II and Archbishop Thomas Beckett , who were old friends, began to struggle with power.
Beckett, the most important bishop in the land, resisted King Henry’s attempt to limit power and independence of the church in England.
The arguments became so serious that Beckett excommunicated Henry. Henry’s last words before leaving made some of his knights believe he was calling for Beckett’s death.
The archbishop Beckett was murdered and a shrine was set up where he was killed. The Cathedral of Canterbury became a destination of pilgrimage- a journey undertaken to worship at a holy place.

9. Kings Grow Stronger
Evidence that supports the argument that kings of France grew stronger
1. They were given a new title.
2. They acquired more land.
3. They were allowed to name new officials.
4. They gained power over the French Church.

10. Chapter 22, section 2
Kings, Nobles, and the Magna Carta

11. Events leading to Magna Carta
1066 Norman conquest of England
By 1199 English king most powerful in Europe
Due to:
Sophisticated centralized government
Extensive Anglo-Norman land holdings in Normandy

12. King John of England Younger brother of King Richard
No set rules to define line of succession
Early 13th century John was crowned King of England instead of Richard’s son, Arthur
Described by historians as:
Clever
Greedy
Cruel
Untrustworthy
Weak military leader

13. King John’s reign of troubles
Three powerful enemies
King Phillip II of France
1205 lost war to King Phillip
Gave up English-held lands in Anjou and Normandy
Pope Innocent III
Disagreed as to how the Archbishop of Canterbury was to be elected
Excommunicated King John in 1209
English nobles
rebelled

14. Rebellion King John angered his nobles
Oppressive taxes
Increased taxes to pay for armies
Imposed the first income tax
Other abuses of power
Nobles forced King John to sign Magna Carta
At Runnymede
Affixed his Great Seal
June 19, 1215

15. Magna Carta Originally written Misconceptions: in Latin
because of disagreements between the Pope, King John and his English barons
About the rights of the King
Misconceptions:
the first document to limit power of an English king by law
in practice limited power of the king
is a single static document

16. Legacy of the Magna Carta
The right of Habeas Corpus
Guarantees a right to due process
No Freeman shall be taken or imprisoned….We will sell to no man, we will not deny or defer to any man either Justice or Right.
Greatly influenced the U. S. Constitution

17. Magna Carta Today Original document
Purchased by Ross Perot (of Texarkana)
Donated to National Archives in Washington, D. C.
On display for public viewing

18. Death of King John October 18, 1216 Died during the First Barons’ War
From dysentery
9 year-old- son Henry III next in line to throne
Crowned late October, 1216

19. Chapter 22, section 3
Religious Crusades

20. Crusades A long series or Wars between Christians and Muslims
They fought over control of Jerusalem which was called the Holy Land because it was the region where Jesus had lived, preached and died

21. Causes of the Crusades Muslim Turks captured Jerusalem
from the Byzantine
Empire
Muslims stopped
Christians from
Visiting Holy Land
Christian pilgrims
were attacked
Byzantine Empire
feared attack on
Constantinople

22. The Call to Arms
Pope Urban II called for the defeat of the Turks, returning the Holy Land to the Christians

23. Who answered the call????
Feudal Lords
Knights
Peasants

24. The First Crusade (1096-1099) Peasant army Knights Untrained
Lacked military equipment
Many killed by Muslim Turks
Knights
Succeeded in capturing Jerusalem

25. Second Crusade ( )
After victory many Christians went back home.
The Turks eventually took back much of the territory.
King of France and Emperor of Germany sent troops to stop the Turks.

26. Second Crusade ( )
Saladin leads the Muslim Turks to victory, defeating the Christians
He was considered a very wise ruler. He was known for his sometimes kind treatment of fallen enemies. Many Christians saw him as a model of knightly chivalry.

27. Third Crusade ( )
King Richard of England convinces the Turks to allow Christians to visit the Holy Land

28. Fourth Crusade Pope Innocent III had French knight gathered to fight.
Left for Holy Lands in 1202.
1204, the Crusaders attacked Constantinople.
Took all that was valuable.
They were influenced by Venetian traders.

29. Crusades Continue Through 1200’s
Several more crusades attempted with no victories for the Christians
Children’s crusade, - 30,000 soldiers - many of them under 12 years old – Never made it to the Holy Land

30. The Results of the Crusades
All of the Crusades failed except for the First Crusade.
Weapons ---
The Crossbow was utilized. Very powerful bow. Replaced traditional bow.
Political Changes –
Many powerful Feudal Lords died in Crusades.
This helped the Kings to become stronger.
The Christian Church also became more powerful.
Ideas and Trade –
Crusaders exchanged ideas with one another and the Muslims.
These Ideas helped enrich Europe's Culture.
Italian cities also became the center for trade with the Middle East.

31. Chapter 22, section 4
Christians and Muslims in Spain

32. Spain conquered by Muslims
In the early 700’s AD
Muslim invaders called Moors- from North Africa

33. RECONQUISTA
Almost immediately, Christian kings began taking back territory
in the Iberian Peninsula.

35. Spain Under Muslim Rule
The Muslims in Spain were known as Moors. They governed an advanced and diverse society.
The region they were located in was referred to as “al-Andalus” ( present day name is Andalusia)

36. Cordoba Europe’s largest city and was the Muslim’s capital as well
It had many mosques, bookshops, gardens, mosaic floors, fountains, a great library, and public baths.
Cordoba was also a key trading area. Some goods that were located here were leather goods, silk cloth, and jewelry.

37. The Golden Age of Moorish Culture
In the 800s and 900s, Moorish culture was thriving and had reached its peak of success.
Science and medicine were far more advanced in Muslim Spain than in the rest of Europe.
Most of Spain’s Muslim rulers were tolerant of Jews and Christians.
Non-Muslims had to pay a special tax and follow certain rules.
Later Muslims were less tolerant, and they imposed strict rules such as:
Christians could not carry Bibles in public.
Jews were persecuted.

38. The Catholic Monarchs Spanish Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand
Very devout Catholic rulers

39. Isabella Queen of Castile, the largest Christian kingdom
Known for beauty and intelligence
Helped the king organize wars and even joined him on campaign

40. Ferdinand II King of Aragon
Married Isabella and together united most of Spain under one crown
Fierce warrior

41. War against the Moors
Between 1482 and 1492, Isabella and Ferdinand waged the Granada War to conquer all of Spain and unite it as one Christian kingdom
In 1492, they succeeded in defeating the last Moorish King, Boabdil

42. Expelling the Moors
At first the Catholic Monarchs allowed the Moors to worship and govern themselves
After a few years they began requiring the Moors to convert to Christianity
Many Moors fled to North Africa (called Morisco)

43. Paying for the war
The Granada War was very expensive (it lasted 10 years)
Much of it was paid for by confiscating the property of Spanish Jews

44. Jews in Spain Jews in Spain held considerable power
Jews in the courts of all the kings of Spain and Portugal
In fact, Ferdinand and Isabella’s marriage was arranged by a mutual Jewish friend.
Many early bankers were Jewish because Christians were prohibited from usury (charging interest on loans).
But banks are critical, without them businesses can’t get started.
These same bankers helped finance the war against the Moors

45. Anti-Semitism
Still, Jews were hated by many. (This is called anti-Semitism).
Jews were often the scapegoat in the Middle Ages
FYI: This is where the term ghetto comes from. It’s an Italian word meaning “slag”- as in industrial waste. Jews were forced to live in the crumby, industrial parts of cities.

46. Conversos
Many of the most powerful and wealthy people in Spain were conversos, Jews whose family had converted to Christianity

47. The Spanish Inquisition
The Inquisition was launched to purify Spanish society, especially of conversos who they believed were returning to their Jewish faith
This lapse of faith was believed to be heresy
Isabella and Ferdinand hired Torquemada to lead investigations to find and punish heretics (a person holding an opinion at odds with what is generally accepted).

48. Proving a Lapse of Faith
Any traditionally “Jewish” rituals or behaviors could be considered a lapse of faith.
Examples:
not eating pork
Not working Friday night-Saturday (the Jewish Sabbath, Christian Sabbath is Sunday)
Eating traditionally Jewish food (Kosher)

49. Inquisition Methods
Under Torquemada, the Grand Inquisitor, the Inquisition sought to find these heretics
To get these heretics to confess, inquisitors would employ threats and torture
Thousands were tortured, imprisoned for life and/or burned at the stake in auto de fe (Act of Faith)

50. Inquisition Torture

51. Auto De Fe

52. Jews Expelled
Torquemada decided that the reason so many conversos were heretics was that Spanish Jews were a bad influence, so hundreds of thousands of Jews were forced from Spain

53. Spain a Unified Catholic Country
The Inquisition and expelling of the Jews and Moors was so successful, that by the 1500’s, Spain was almost completely Catholic
In the process, Isabella and Ferdinand became the most powerful kings in Europe