1. THE WEST
1920's and 1930's

2. Europe in 1919

3. Germany

4. From the German Point of View
 Lost—but not forgotten country.
Into the heart You are to dig yourself these words as into stone: Which we have lost may not be truly lost!

5. Maimed German WW I Veteran

6. The “Stabbed-in-the-Back” Theory
Disgruntled German WWI veterans

7. Friedrich Ebert: First President of the Weimar Republic
A Democratic Rebpulican form of government that ruled Germany from 1919 to It was seen as the “November Criminals” by most and had to deal with revolt, depression, growth of communism, and other radical parties.

8. German Freikorps
The paramilitary organizations that sprang up around Weimar Germany and was formed mainly from soldiers who had a difficult time adjusting to civilian life. They were used to fight against enemies of the state, both internal and external (including putting down the revolts and stopping communism).

9. German “Revolutions” [1918]

10. Spartacist
A left-wing Marxist revolutionary movement organized in Germany just after World War I. Its period of greatest activity was during the German Revolution of 1918, when it sought to incite a revolution similar to that of the Bolsheviks in Russia. Its leadership was killed by the Freikorps.
Karl Liebknecht Rosa Luxemburg

11. The German Depression

12. The Dawes Plan (1924)

13. The German Government:

14. The French in the Ruhr: 1923

15. The Beer Hall Putsch: 1923
A failed attempt at revolution that occurred on November 9, Demonstrated that power needed to be taken by legal means.
Inspired by Mussolini’s March on Rome, the German Workers Party (later the Nazi Party) gave speeches and used the SA to arrest socialist, communist, jews, and other people not with the movement.

16. Hitler in Landesberg Prison
Hitler and other members of the Nazi Party were arrested for treason and sent to jail (Hitler for 5 years). In jail, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle), that outlines his political views and plans.

17. The Young Plan (1930)
For three generations, you’ll have to slave away!
$26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58½ years.

18. Weimar Germany: Political Representation [1920-1933]
Political Parties in the Reichstag
May 1924
Dec
May 1928
Sep. 1930
July 1932
Nov. 1932
Mar. 1933
Communist Party (KPD) 62 45 54 77 89
100 81
Social Democratic Party (SDP)
131
153
143
133
121
120
Catholic Centre Party (BVP) 88 78 87 97 90 93
Nationalist Party (DNVP) 95
103 73 41 37 52
Nazi Party (NSDAP) 32 14 12
107
230
196
288
Other Parties
102
112
122 22 35 23

19. A new approach – Nazi Party as a “leader party”  the focus was shifted to propaganda and electoral success and winning the support of big business
“First power, then politics”
Gains popularity due to hyperinflation, communism, and unemployment
Nazis used force to prevent uprisings
Their rhetoric played on people’s fears
Big business won over through revised economic plans
Emphasis placed on military power won support of many soldiers and traditionalists.
Weak coalition governments enabled Nazis to gain political strength
Propaganda and shows of might impressed the masses

20. In 1933 the push for total power began: at this point, the Reichstag burned down, creating an opportunity for Hitler
The Nazis still failed to gain a majority in subsequent elections, but they w/ their supporters pushed thru the Enabling Law
Hindenburg was forced to appoint Hitler as Chancellor (other politicians believed that Hitler can be manipulated easily)
President Hindenburg’s eventual death allowed Hitler to assume presidential powers
Potsdam church – where Prussian kings had been crowned Hindenburg in full uniform, Hitler in civilian clothes and bowing (thus not a millitary coup)

21. Italy

22. Post WW I Italy
A general feeling of anxiety and fear among the middle class of post-war Italy:
Fears regarding the survival of capitalism.
Economic depression.
The rise of a militant left.
A feeling of national shame and humiliation at Italy’s poor treatment by the other Entente leaders after World War I [especially at Versailles].
In 1920, the Italian Socialist Party organized militant strikes
Hundreds of new fascist groups develop; create a paramilitary force the “Black Shirts”
King Victor Emmanuel III

23. Fascism
Fascism is the totalitarian philosophy of government that glorifies the state and nation and assigns to the state control over every aspect of national life.
Aspects of Fascism
Subordinate to the State Sexism
Cult of State Worship Militarism
Control of Media Myth of Rebirth
Labor is suppressed and the corporate is protected
Rampant Cronyism and Corruption (fraudulent elections)
Identifying enemies as scapegoates
Disdain for the recognition of Human Rights
Government and Religion are intertwined
Disdain for Intellectuals and the Arts

24. Benito Mussolini [1883-1945] Originally a Marxist.
By 1909 he was convinced that a national rather than an
international revolution was necessary.
Founded a newspaper that called for Italy to join WWI
Fascist win seats in the government in 1921
1922 Mussolini threatened a coup d’etat with his “March on Rome”. 25,000 Black Shirts staged demonstrations

25. March on Rome [1922]

26. Mussolini Forms a Government
In 1925, Mussolini seized dictatorial powers during a political crisis and began to pass laws to legal transform Italy into a single party state.
Political parties and unions were abolished
No freedom of the press
Special courts created to persecute political opposition
Secret police formed
Ultra-nationalism created
Anti Semitism (not like in Germany)

27. England

28. 1926 General Strike Trades Disputes Act (1927):
All general or sympathy strikes were illegal.
It forbade unions from raising money for political purposes.

29. France

30. Raymond Poincaré & the Conservative Right
He sent French troops into the Ruhr in 1923.
Pushed for large-scale infrastructure reconstruction programs [counting on German reparations to pay for them].
After :
New taxes & tightened tax collections.
Drastic decline in govt. spending that stabilized the franc [the threat of runaway inflation was avoided!]

31. Edouard Herriot & the French Socialists
Progressive social reform.
Spoke for the lower classes, small businessmen, and farmers.
Committed to private enterprise and private property.
Fervently anti-clerical.

32. United
States

33. Farming Crisis Loss of markets
Efficiency increased so fewer workers needed
No longer prosperous
Boll Weevil infestation

34. Age of Prosperity Economic expansion
Mass Production and the Assembly Line
Consumer Economy

35. 1920’s and 1930’s Great Migration Women’s suffrage Immigrant issues
Progressivism
2nd KKK
Prohibition

36. Collective
Security

37. League of Nations Members

38. Washington Naval Conference and Five Power Treaty [1921-1922]
Long-standing Anglo-Japanese alliance (1902) obligated Britain to aid Japan in the event of a Japanese war with the United States.
Goals  naval disarmament and the political situation in the Far East.
A battleship ratio was achieved through this ratio: US Britain Japan France Italy
Japan got a guarantee that the US and Britain would stop fortifying their Far East territories [including the Philippines].
Loophole  no restrictions on small warships

39. The Maginot Line

40. Austin Chamberlain (Br.)
Locarno Pact: 1925
Austin Chamberlain (Br.)
Gustave Stresemann (Ger.)
Aristide Briand (Fr.)
Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919.
Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration only.

41. Kellogg-Briand Pact: 1928
15 nations dedicated to outlawing aggression and war as tools of foreign policy.
62 nations signed.
Problems  no means of actual enforcement and gave Americans a false sense of security.

42. MODERN
ART

43. Themes in Early Modern Art
Uncertainty/insecurity.
Disillusionment.
The subconscious.
Overt sexuality.
Violence & savagery.

44. Edvard Munch: The Scream (1893)
Expressionism
Using bright colors to express a particular emotion.

45. Franz Marc: Animal Destinies (1913)
Wassily Kandinsky: On White II (1923)

46. Gustav Klimt: Judith I (1901)
Secessionists
Disrupt the conservative values of Viennese society.
Obsessed with the self.
Man is a sexual being, leaning toward despair.

47. Georges Braque: Violin & Candlestick (1910)
CUBISM
The subject matter is broken down, analyzed, and reassembled in abstract form.
Cezanne  The artist should treat nature in terms of the cylinder, the sphere, and the cone.

48. Pablo Picasso: Les Demoiselles d’Avignon (1907)
Georges Braque:
Woman with a Guitar (1913)

49. Picasso: Studio with Plaster Head (1925)
Paul Klee: Red & White Domes (1914)

50. George Grosz Grey Day (1921) DaDa
Ridiculed contemporary culture & traditional art forms.
The collapse during WW I of social and moral values.
Nihilistic.

51. Raoul Hausmann: ABCD (1924-25)
George Grosz
The Pillars of Society (1926)
Raoul Hausmann: ABCD ( )

52. Salvador Dali: Soft Construction with Boiled Beans (Premonition of Civil War), 1936
Surrealism
Late 1920s-1940s.
Came from the nihilistic genre of DaDa.
Influenced by Feud’s theories on psychoanalysis and the subconscious.
Confusing & startling images like those in dreams.

53. Salvador Dali: The Persistence of Memory (1931)
Salvador Dali: Geopoliticus Child Watching the Birth of a New Man (1943)
Salvador Dali: The Persistence of Memory (1931)

54. Walter Gropius  Bauhaus Bldg. [1928]
A utopian quality.
Based on the ideals of simplified forms and unadorned functionalism.
The belief that the machine economy could deliver elegantly designed items for the masses.
Used techniques & materials employed especially in industrial fabrication & manufacture  steel, concrete, chrome, glass.

55. The
Great
Depression

56. The Great Depression [1929-1941]
London in 1930
Paris in 1930

57. Causes World economies are connected
Some countries have huge war debts from WWI
Europe relies on American loans and investments
Prosperity is built on borrowed money
Wealth is unequally distributed
US stock market crashes
Banks demand repayment of loans
Farms fail and factories close
Americans reduce foreign trade to protect economy
Americans stop loans to foreign countries
American banking system collapses

58. Effects Millions become unemployed Businesses go bankrupt
Governments take emergency measures to protect economies
Citizens lose faith in capitalism and democracy
Nations turn toward authoritarian leaders
Nazis take control in Germany
Fascists come to power in other countries
Democracies try social welfare programs
Japan expands in East Asia
World War II breaks out

59. World Wide Impact
Few economies escaped the depression. The Soviet Union (Russia), isolated by its Communist directed economy, went about the business of creating rapid industrial development without outside capital. Japan increased suspicions of the West and some countries fell into extreme political movements.
Spanish Civil War
Guernica
Pablo Picasso's interpretation of the attack, 1937
Vladimir Lenin
Soviet Union

60. German Unemployment: 1929-1938

61. The Great Depression [1929-1941]