1. Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions
Maria Agapito, PhD

2. Class Objectives Upon completing this lesson you will:
To determine what is the basic structural and functional unit of an organism
To describe what type of cells belong to each evolutionary domain
To learn the names of the organelles and function of a cell
To be able to draw or write out your own model or metaphor to demonstrate the parts of a cell (Using your BHSEC school)
To recall lecture information active learning exercise (Jeopardy style)

3. How cells fit into the rest of the body’s organization
Tissue
Organ
Organ
System
Organism

4. What is the structural and functional unit of an organism?
Cells
= are the basic structural and functional units of every organisms
Two distinct types:
Prokaryotic Cell = Bacteria and Archaea
Eukaryotic Cell = Protists, fungi, animals and plants

5. Similarities in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
Plasma
Membrane
Selective barrier
Cytosol
Semifluid, jellylike substance
Carry genes in the form of DNA
Chromosomes
Ribosomes
Tiny complexes that make proteins according to instructions from the gene

6. Differences in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Before nucleus
True nucleus
Location of DNA
Nucleoid
Nucleus
Non-membrane
Bound structures
Membrane
Bound structures
Cytoplasm
Size
.10 – 5.0 μm
10 – 100 μm

7. Plasma membrane: Cellular metabolism and Limits on cell size
Allows passage of enough
oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell
Thus, for every second – only a limited amount of a particular substance can cross the cell membrane

8. Cellular metabolism and Limits on cell size
1. As a cell increases in size, its volume grows proportionally more than its surface area
25X
125X
Area is proportional to a linear dimension squared
Volume is proportional to the linear dimension cubed
The need for a surface area sufficiently large to accommodate the volume helps explain the size and shapes of most cells.
Why is the ratio of surface area to volume so critical for cell function?

9. Cellular metabolism and Limits on cell size
2. A sufficiently high ratio of surface area to volume is especially important in cells that exchange a lot of material with their surroundings
Q: Do larger organisms have larger cells than smaller organisms?
A: No, instead the larger animals have more cells 5X

10. How is a cell like a city? Newark , New Jersey
Cellular Organelles overview

11. Prokaryotic Cell Structures
Fimbriae are one of the primary mechanisms of virulence for E. coli, Bordetella pertussis, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus bacteria. Their presence greatly enhances the bacteria's ability to attach to the host and cause disease
A Prokaryotes cell lacks a true nucleus and other membrane bound organelles, simpler in structure

12. Prokaryotic Cell and Diseases
Peptidoglycan
Streptococcal infections = Sinusitis, Strep throat, pharyngitis
Lyme disease = Borrelia burgdorferi
Syphilis = Treponema pallidum
Fimbriae are one of the primary mechanisms of virulence for E. coli, Bordetella pertussis, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus bacteria. Their presence greatly enhances the bacteria's ability to attach to the host and cause disease
What is the Antibiotic commonly used for these infections?
Penicillin
What is the Antibiotic Mechanism of action?
Disrupts the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.

13. Eukaryotic Cell - Animal2 1 4B 4C 5
How is a cell like a city?

14. Comparing Animal versus Fungi cells
Animal cells lack:
Cell wall
Vacuole
Comparing Animal versus Plant cells
Plants cells lack:
Lysososomes
Centrosomes with centrioles
Flagella (but present in some plant sperm)

15. Eukaryotic Cell - Plant

16. Comparing Plant versus Protists cells
Plant cells similarities:
cell wall
Vacuole
Chloroplast

17. The eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes
What does this mean?

18. Nucleus versus ribosomes
Houses most of the cell’s DNA material. contains most of the genes but some are located in the mitochondria and chloroplast
Uses information from the DNA to make proteins

19. The nucleus: Information central
Encloses the nucleus, separating it contents from the cytoplasm
Nuclear envelope – continuous membranes
Granules and fibers adjoining part of the chromatin
rRNA synthesis occur here and it requires DNA instructions
Proteins imported from the cytoplasm are assembled with rRNA into large and small subunit of ribosomes
These subunit of ribosomes will eventually assemble in to a ribosome = protein synthesis machinery . Process will begin upon contact with a mRNA molecule in the cytoplasm
Lines each pore, regulates the entry and exit of proteins, macromolecules and RNA’s
Maintains the shape of the nucleus by supporting the nuclear envelope

20. The nucleus: Information central
Complex of DNA and proteins making up a chromosome
Carries the genetic information
DNA is organized into chromosomes
A somatic versus a gametes cell
46 chromosomes
23 chromosomes

21. Ribosomes – Protein factories
Protein Synthesis can occur in two cytoplasmic locations: 1 2
A complex of rRNA and proteins that carry protein synthesis
Free ribosomes protein synthesis = Proteins function within the cytosol EX: enzymes that catalyze sugar breakdown
Bound ribosomes protein synthesis = Proteins are destined for insertion into membranes, for packaging within certain organelles. EX: lysosomes
EX: Pancreas – secrete digestive enzymes

22. How is a cell like a city?
Cell membrane
Lysosomes
CHLOROPLAST ER
Ribosomes
Golgi Bodies
Vacuole
Mitochondria
Nucleus
What type of cell will this be? Animal or Plant
Plant