1. Chapter 9 Energy in a cell
Energy- the ability to do work
The food you eat is broken down into monosaccharides (simple sugars)by the digestive system
Glucose enters every cell in the body.

2. Glucose is broken down
Your cell’s mitochondria breaks down glucose molecules step by step.
Each step releases energy
As each chemical bond is broken, energy is released

3. Energy from Food This energy is stored in ATP molecules
ATP-Adenosine Triphosphate (3 phosphates)

4. ATP ADP ATP is an energy storing molecule.
The energy is stored by adding a Phosphate to ADP (adenosine DIphosphate) to form ATP.(TRIphosphate
ADP + P + Energy = ATP

5. ATP Synthesis

6. When is ATP needed? Photosynthesis – an energy storing process
Cellular Respiration – an energy releasing process

7. Photosynthesis: Trapping Energy
Photosynthesis-Autotrophs trap energy from sunlight and use the energy to build simple sugars

8. Chlorophyll Leaves - The site of Photosynthesis
Chlorophyll-the green pigment found in chloroplast.
traps the sun’s energy.

9. Formula for Photosynthesis
How many molecules of water are needed to make
4 molecule of glucose (sugar)?
Yields
Carbon Dioxide
+ Water
Sugar + Oxygen
In the
presence of:
Sunlight and
Chlorophyll
Changing light energy into chemical energy

10. Parts of Photosynthesis
1. Light Dependent Reactions- the reactions which convert light energy into chemical energy (ATP).
2. Light Independent Reactions-reactions which forms sugars from C,O,H. (doesn’t need light)

11. Light Dependent Reactions
1. Light striking chlorophyll causes electrons to gain energy and leave orbit.
2. Electrons move down Electron Transport Chain, generating extra energy.
3. ATP is made
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12. Light Dependent Reactions
Photolysis –water molecule is split
Electron are used
H bonds with NADP to form NADPH
Oxygen is released
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13. Light Independent Reactions
Calvin Cycle
1. Carbon Dioxide is split
2.Carbon, Oxygen & Hydrogen (light reaction). are used to form a sugar.
3. The energy is provided by the ATP (light reaction).
This process takes:
-CO2 from the air -H from water -Energy from ATP -To make food (sugar).
6CO2 +6 H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

14. Cellular Respiration We think of respiration as breathing
We take in oxygen breathe out CO2
Oxygen is delivered to every cell in the body by the circulatory system
The Oxygen is used to break down food in the mitochondria of each cell-This is called Cellular Respiration

15. Respiration
Cellular Respiration- breaking down glucose molecules to release energy.
Formula
Mitochondria
ATP
C6H12O6 +6O >6CO2 +6H2O + ENERGY
Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water + NRG

16. Photosynthesis & Respiration
Opposite Processes
Respiration- C6H12O6 +O2 ---->CO2 +H2O + NRG
Photosyn - CO2 + H2O+ Sunlight ---> C6H12O6 + O2

17. Types of Respiration Aerobic Respiration-requires Oxygen (air)
Anaerobic Respiration-Breaking down food without oxygen

18. Step 1 Glycolysis The first stage in respiration.
It is Anaerobic-no O2 is required
Breaks a 6-carbon sugar into 2, 3-carbon Pyruvic Acid molecules.
2 molecules of ATP are made.
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19. Step 2 Break Pyruvic Acid
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When Oxygen is present.
Aerobic Respiration Begins
3-carbon pyruvic acid is broken into a 2-carbon compound and CO2.

20. 3. Citric Acid Cycle
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2. Carbon molecules are combined and broken apart.
This produces free electrons which convert NAD to NADH and FAD to FADH

21. 4. Electron Transport Chain
3. NADH and FADH release their extra electrons
Electrons are moved along a series of molecules called the Electron Transport Chain.
The electrons combine with Oxygen to form water.
32 ATP are made
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22. Step 2 -Anaerobic Respiration
What if No Oxygen is present after glycolysis? Fermentation occurs
Fermentation- breaking down food without oxygen
2 types
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Alcohol Fermentation

23. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Produced by humans when they exercise harder or faster than their body can deliver oxygen.
Lactic Acid causes muscle soreness and fatigue

24. Alcohol Fermentation
Bacteria and Yeast carry out this type of respiration.
The end products are alcohol and CO2.
Used to make: Beer, Wine, Bread rising,