1. Chapter 16: Classical Genres: Instrumental Music

2. The Symphony and the Symphony Orchestra
Origins in the sinfonia – Baroque opera overture in three sections (fast – slow – fast)
Sections expanded into movements
By mid 1700’s, a fourth movement was added (Minuet)
Fast – Slow – Minuet – Fast

3. The Classical Symphony Orchestra
Increased in size as the symphony orchestra moved from private court to public auditorium
More wind instruments were added to increase variety and color
Classical Orchestra
Strings: st violins, 2nd violins, cellos, double basses (about 27 players total
Woodwinds: 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons
Brasses: French horns, 2 trumpets (for festive pieces)
Percussion: 2 timpani (for festive pieces)

4. Mozart: Symphony No. 40 in G Minor (1788), K
Mozart: Symphony No. 40 in G Minor (1788), K. 550 First Movement (Molto Allegro) p. 189
Exposition:
Development:
Recapitulation:
Transition theme is extended
Brief coda

5. Mozart: Symphony No. 40 Second Movement: Andante
Third Movement: Minuetto: Allegretto
Fourth Movement: Allegro Assai

6. The String Quartet String Quartet: genre of chamber music
Created by Joseph Haydn
The German writer Goethe compared it to a conversation among four intelligent people
Two violins, viola, and cello
One player per part
Follows four movement form: fast – slow – minuet – fast
Figure A representation of a string quartet at the end of the eighteenth century. The string quartet was at first an ensemble for playing chamber music in the home. Not until 1804 did a string quartet appear in a public concert in Vienna, and not until 1814 in Paris.

7. Haydn: Opus 76, No. 3, The “Emperor” Quartet (1797) Second movement, Poco adagio cantabile p.192
Known as the “Emperor” because of its famous theme
Theme and Variations form
Figure Franz II (1765–1835), last Holy Roman Emperor and first emperor of Austria. Haydn composed “The Emperor’s Hymn” in his honor.

8. The Sonata
Genre of chamber music for solo piano or solo instrument accompanied by piano
Three movement: fast – slow – fast
Figure 16.7 Mozart’s own piano, preserved in the house of his birth in Salzburg, Austria. The keyboard spans only five octaves, and the black-and-white color scheme of the keys is reversed, both typical features of the late-eighteenth-century piano. Mozart purchased the instrument in 1784, two years before he composed his A major piano concerto.

9. The Concerto
Large scale, multimovement work for instrumental soloist and orchestra intended for public audience
Three movements (no minuet)
Figure A young woman performs a keyboard concerto in When Mozart moved to Vienna in 1781 he was forced to earn a living, so he gave composition lessons (mostly to men) and piano lessons (mostly to women). Among his best female students was Barbara Ployer (1765–1811), for whom he wrote the Piano Concerto in A major (K. 488) discussed here.

10. Mozart: Piano Concerto in A major (1786), First movement Allegro p.196
Sonata-allegro form
Double exposition:
Cadenza

11. Mozart: Piano Concerto in A major
Second Movement (Andante):
Third Movement (Presto)