Serials and Integrating Resources

Serials and Integrating Resources
Cataloging Electronic Formats Georgia Council of Media Organizations 2003 Debra Skinner Georgia Southern University Presentation will cover what is new in the areas of cataloging electronic serials and integrating resources -as faced with continual changes in cataloging principles and practices Advances in technologies have forced continual changes in standards, rules, & systems of cataloging

New Rules Five year effort to revise standards
Emergence of electronic resources with elements of seriality Need to revise codes for serials and loose-leafs Best practices not established for electronic serials Bibliographic representation not adequate for new electronic resources Cat rules & standards – significant revisions in last few years Harmonization of efforts AACR, ISSN, ISBD(s), MARC (MARC harmonized version of USMARC and CANMARC) Result of 5 year effort to revise the standards including redefining “seriality” and devising a new model of bibliographic organization E resources emerged did not fit into mold of serials or monographs Behaved more like loose-leaf publications which had been problematic all along E-serials best practices slow to come due to the changing nature of these resources Determined that these new resources which were neither monograph nor serial required special rules

AACR2 2002 Revision Computer Files Electronic Resources
ACCR2 rules & LCRIs implemented Dec. 1, 2002 Chapter 9 Computer Files Electronic Resources Chapter 12 Serials Continuing Resources AACR – Implemented Dec. 1, 2002 – Significant changes to cope with new forms of bibliographic items such as Web resources 3 chapters significant changes 3 – Cartographic Materials – changed to include rules for materials in electronic form 9 –Computer Files -- Electronic Resources Rules aligned with ISBD(ER) International Standard Bibliographic Description for Electronic Resources Distinction between direct access & remote access to electronic resources 12 – Serials – Continuing Resources Revised to accommodate “seriality” Rules expanded to included successively issued resources, ongoing intergrating resources, and some categories of finite resources (reprints of serials & finite integrating resources) Other new rules and new glossary Library of Congress Rule Interpretations CONSER Cataloging Manual 2002 ed.

New Terminology Electronic Resource NEW!
Material (data and/or programs(s)) encoded for manipulation by a computerized device. This material may require the use of a peripheral directly connected to a computerized device (e.g., CD-ROM drive) or a connection to a computer network (e.g., the Internet). Old Definition: Computer File – A file (data and/or programs) encoded for manipulation by computer. Distinction between direct and remote access.

New Terminology Continuing Resource NEW! A bibliographic resource that is issued over time with no predetermined conclusion. Continuing resources include serials and ongoing integrating resources. See Slide.

Revised Terminology Serial REVISED!
A continuing resource issued in a succession of discrete parts, usually bearing numbering, that has no predetermined conclusion. Examples of serials include journals, magazines, electronic journals, continuing directories, annual reports, newspapers, and monographic series. Old Definition Serial – A publication in any medium issued in successive parts bearing numeric or chronological designations and intended to be continued indefinitely. Serials include periodicals; newspapers, annuals, …. Changes – numbering no longer a requirement “in any medium” goes without saying – Content takes precedence over medium

New Terminology Integrating Resource NEW!
A bibliographic resource that is added to or changed by means of updates that do not remain discrete and are integrated into the whole. Integrating resources can be finite or continuing. Examples of integrating resources include updating loose-leafs and updating Web sites. Recognizes materials not truly monographic and not truly serial These materials are not serials in terms of their issuance. Parts do not remain discrete They do display elements of seriality and need to be closely aligned with serials in terms of how they are cataloged.

Bibliographic Resources
Finite Continuing Serials Continuing Integrating Resources Monographs Finite Integrating Resources The new bibliographic landscape divides resources as finite and continuing. Finite resources include monographs and finite integrating resources. Continuing resources include serials and integrating resources. Presentation is only about Continuing Resources.

New Format Bibliographic Level Codes i : Integrating Resource
m : Monograph s : Serial When cataloging, must identify whether is i, m, or s Not always clear – some publications “go digital” Not yet implemented by OCLC Interim practice – code m and add computer characteristics in 006 Not yet implemented by OCLC Interim practice: Add new 006 codes

Electronic Serials Basis for Description
Title and statement of responsibility from first or earliest issue Do not include introductory words XYZ presents… Welcome to … New Rules – Few changes for “typical” serial Descriptive rules more provisions for minor changes over time Fewer new records due to title changes Basis of description No change for print serials For e-serials this is a change: clarifies that preferred source for title is 1st or earliest issue available Previously chapter 12 did not address which issue was basis for e-serials Source of title proper for e-serials is “most complete presentation of title in conjunction with 1st or earliest available issue”

Aggregator Neutral Records
Implemented July 1, 2003 Single record represents all online versions Separate record from print but similar to print “Single record approach” remains an option Bibliographic in nature rather than reflecting licensing arrangements Records more stable and useful Less maintenance required Types of Electronic Serials Born digital Republications/simultaneous Aggregated database titles – most common purchased / difficult to control Volatile content, titles come and go as publisher agreements change New Rules implemented Focus on title Do not describe any particular aggregator Will apply to all online serials distributed by one or more provider CONSER will focus on packages that contain the full serial Later machine derived aggregator-neutral records will be added for titles contained only in article-based databases

Why Neutralize Records?
No real bibliographic differences Proliferation of records in OCLC reflecting licensing history rather than bibliographic changes and current access Preference for “single-record approach” Conducive to production of machine-derived records Facilitates local adaptation of records Example IDEAL Journals now offered by Science Direct – Happens to many titles at once.

General Guidelines Follow same basic rules as other serials
Record represents serial as available from all aggregators 856 fields only indication of supplier For example: title available from Project Muse, JSTOR, FirstSearch will have only 1 bib record with multiple 856 fields either in bib or holdings

Multiple Records Records will be collapsed in OCLC
URLS & holdings will be added to selected record Records will be changed to reflect new guidelines Separate records for each aggregation became confusing and difficult to maintain Trend for aggregators to buy others & for publishers to remove titles from aggregations In OCLC Preferred record identified Excess records will be deleted Mix of automatic & manual changes Revision of CONSER Manual Module 31 – Instructions on CONSER Web site now

Aggregator-Neutral Record
Code the same as any online serial 008 – General Description Use beginning date of print or original format as beginning publication date (cited in 362) Original Item : s Form of Item : s 007 - Physical Description 006 – Additional Characteristics Leader s for serial a for language material 008 General Description Date – Use beginning date of the print or original format as beginning date of publication, if cited in 362 field Original & form = s (electronic) 007 – Physical Description : Computer File Specific Material: remote – can include color, sound, etc. 006 – Additional Material Characteristics : Computer File Type of File: Document

ISSN Electronic in $a ; print in $y 130-/240 - Uniform Title Always included when electronic version has same title as previously published print Do not include name of provider as qualifier If print version has uniform qualifier, use same qualifier for online version ISSN – sep for print and electronic – put print in $y – might change so they match – under discussion Publisher don’t always include ISSN for electronic or only 1 not differentiating Uniform title (see slide)

245 - Title Record title from earliest issue available on preferred source GMD [electronic resource] Preferred Source for Description Original publisher web site if full text of serial is available there & you have access Host site (Ingenta) or Archival site (JSTOR) Other source you have access to: print record, article based database Chief source = resource itself Formally presented evidence Title screen Main menu Initial display of information Home page Contents screen Prefer source that provides most complete information Include source of title note Only GMD is [electronic resource]

246 - Varying Form of Title Commonly used titles Titles found on contents screens, navigation bars as needed Introductory wording (Welcome to …) Variation in title used by another provider for the same publication Example: 246 1 $i Issues from some providers have title: $a Include variant title fields for titles by which a bibliographic resource is commonly known or on titles other than the title proper Commonly used titles: AACR2 Notes such as Issues from some providers have title: Also known as: Title on home page page appears as: Welcome to …

260 - Place, Publisher Use first named place & publisher on first or earliest available issue Place & publisher reflect all online versions Usually place & publisher will be same as print Will not reflect aggregator or digitizer See slide Take place & publisher info from anywhere on electronic serial but prefer title source Use first name place and publisher in first or earliest issue which would be applicable to all versions of e-serial

260 - Date of Publication Record if first or last issue is included in 362 0 Do not record date digitized if not also date of publication of first issue in original form When cataloging from first or last issue include the publication date in $c Otherwise, do not record If is actual date of first electronic issue, record in 260 If use 362 1, leave 260 blank Regard dates of online availability as “dates of manufacture” and do not transcribe Transcribe pub dates as found in the serial, even when this is clearly the pub date of print version. Regard dates of digitization or online availability as dates of manufacture and do not transcribe – only transcribe if first or last issue is available When 1st or last issue is transcribed in 362 0, give first/last date of pub as found in that issue. Do not record date serial was 1st digitized if not also the date of publication of first issue in its original form. Record dates of publication as found in the serial as opposed to recording those specifically related to publication of the online serial. For serials with a history in print, the dates of digitization or availability of the online serial will not be recorded. For a new serial that is born-digital, or new in print and online formats, the dates will reflect both publication and online availability.

310/321- Frequency Use current and former frequency as found in the electronic serial Usually matches print Same as for serials in other formats

362 - Dates No longer use “Coverage as of” note If first issue is not available, give beginning date of original format in note. Example: Print began with v.1, no.1 (Sept. 1982). Formatted used when first and/or last issue is available. If know first issue has been digitized but is not available, use : Print began with If first issue not digitized or don’t know use 362 1: Print began with Electronic coverage notes no longer used If describing from 1st issue, use standard 362 0 If know 1st issue is digitized but is not available to cataloger, use Print began with If 1st issue is not digitized or don’t know use Print began with OCLC will replace “electronic coverage notes” with Print began with notes on dates on print record

440,490,830 - Series Titles No longer record aggregator names as series titles 500 - Notes (General) Include “source of title” note Series (see slide) 500 – Always record source of title For new record, give date of source Record provider in title source and description based on notes Title from title screen (publisher’s website, viewed Jan. 10, 2002). Description based on: Vol. 2, no.1 (Dec. 2002); title from contents (Project Muse, viewed Aug. 1, 2003)

506 - Note (Restrictions on Access) No longer used (GPO will continue in some cases) 856 $z can include access information Note (Type of Computer File) No longer used 506 – Commonly used: Access restricted to subscribers. 856 $z can be used instead. Commonly used: Text (electronic journal) – avoid using Only use if unusual info about file formats needed

530 - Note (Additional physical form) Use general note to indicate additional form available Example: Also published in print format. 538 - Notes (Mode of Access) Include “Mode of Access” Note No note for systems requirements unless unusual & relate to all versions 530 – Online version of the print publication. Also published in print format. 538 – Mode of Access: World Wide Web No longer include systems requirements

550 - Note (Provider) No “made available by” or “digitized by” notes 710/730 - Corporate Author/Uniform Title No longer make added entries for name of aggregator or provider 775,776,770,780,785,787 - Linking Fields Include 776 link to print and other applicable links 856 - Electronic Location & Access $z used to record provider-specific information 550 – see slide 710/730 – see slide If titles of online and print version differ, use 730 on each for the other format title 776 common link – May have note $i Also issued online: $t $i Also available in a print version: $t

Aggregator-Neutral Example
> $y > English studies in Africa (Online) > English studies in Africa $h [electronic resource]. > Johannesburg : $b Witwatersrand University Press > Semiannual > Print began with vol. 1 (Mar. 1958). 022 $y 130 – Uniform title 260 no date 362 1 Print began with (don’t have or don’t know about first issue)

>530 Online version of the print publication.
> Description based on: Vol. 41, no. 1 (1998); title from caption on PDF (LION, viewed Aug. 27, 2003). > Online version of the print publication. > Mode of access: World Wide Web. > English literature $x History and criticism $v Periodicals. > English language $x Study and teaching. 500 – see slide 530 – see slide 538 – see slide

>650 0 English language $z Africa $v Periodicals.
> English literature $v Periodicals. > American literature $v Periodicals. > $t English studies in Africa $x $w (OCoLC) > $3 Vol. 41, no. 1 (1998)- $z Address for accessing journal from an authorized IP address through LION $u 776 link to print 856 $3 $z Multiple providers: give URL for each $3 for holdings Also 856 can be placed on print version regardless of whether separately cataloged or not (0 means the item cataloged) Which and how many 856 fields Institution specific URLs $3 partial contents info such as summaries, abstracts, table of contents $z Pub home page (related info)

Electronic Serials Cataloging Problems
Follow major/minor change rules for serials Change of format Title Change Same site & URL with different titles on issues Separate sites & URLS for earlier & later titles Same site & URL – earlier title disappears Must edit catalog record to provide current access Change of format Often overlapping issues available in print and online – then print ceases Relationship is both 776 and 780/785 Use primary linking field 780/785 Successive entry cataloging Title change separate sites – GOOD Title change same site – earlier title on issues Title change same site/URL – earlier title disappears Buried title change – keep in synch with print – regardless of how aggregators package

Clean example of format change – Good info on home page
Explains now exclusively electronic Tells pub pattern : late spring & late fall Link to current issue Link to archives

Print Record Ceased >022 0 1536-1403
> > $b ASFSA, 1600 Duke St., 7th Floor, Alexandria, VA > lc $a nsdp > The journal of child nutrition & management : $b a publication of the American School Food Service Association. > Child nutrition & management > Journal of child nutrition and management > Child nutrition and management > Alexandria, VA : $b The Association, $c c > v. ; $c 28 cm. > Two no. a year Briefly print record..

>362 0 Vol. 22, no. 1 = 1998, issue 1-v. 25, no. 2 = 2001, issue 2.
> Title from cover. > Continued in 2002 by an online version with the same title. > School lunchrooms, cafeterias, etc. $v Periodicals. > Children $x Nutrition $v Periodicals. > School children $x Food $v Periodicals. > American School Food Service Association. > $t School foodservice research review $x $w (DLC) $w (OCoLC) > $t Journal of child nutrition & management (Online) $w (DLC) $w (OCoLC) 362 shows closed – no overlap 580 note: continued by online version 785 : online version

Electronic Record >042 lcd
> Journal of child nutrition & management (Online) > The journal of child nutrition & management $h [electronic resource] : $b a publication of the American School Food Service Association. > Child nutrition & management > Journal of child nutrition and management > Child nutrition and management > Alexandria, VA : $b American School Food Service Association, $c c2002- New electronic record 130 Uniform title 245 260

>362 0 Vol. 26, issue 1 (spring 2002)-
Two no. a year > Vol. 26, issue 1 (spring 2002)- > Title from home page (viewed June 1, 2003). > Latest issue consulted: Vol. 27, issue 1 (spring 2003) (viewed Oct. 7, 2003) > Text (electronic journal) > Mode of access: World Wide Web. > Continues print version with the same title. > School lunchrooms, cafeterias, etc. $v Periodicals. > Children $x Nutrition $v Periodicals. > School children $x Food $v Periodicals. > American School Food Service Association. > $t Journal of child nutrition & management $x $w (DLC) $w (OCoLC) > $u 362 500 title from 516 not necessary 538 580 780 856

Integrating Resources
Aspects of seriality Updates do not remain discrete Updates integrated into whole work May be finite or continuing 3 major types Updating loose-leaf Updating database Updating Web site Chapter 12 of AACR2 – Continuing Resources used for all integrating resources, both finite and continuing

Continuing or Finite Continuing Integrating Resource
Issued over time in a series of iterations with no predetermined conclusion Iteration - An instance of an integrating resource, either as first published or after updated Finite Integrating Resource Issued over time with a predetermined conclusion Finite IR Examples: conference – began in 2001, frequently updated, ceased when conference over

Serial or Integrating Resource
Serials Discrete parts Described from earliest issue Successive entry cataloging Integrating Resources Parts are not discrete Described from latest iteration Integrated entry cataloging Must decide before cataloging since rules differ – Not always clear Difference – issuance Cataloging – successive entry vs. integrated

Integrated Entry Cataloging
Change existing bibliographic record to describe latest iteration Bibliographic records require ongoing maintenance New record created Certain changes in edition Mergers or splits New work General principle is to change description to reflect current iteration Give earlier info in a note

Cataloging Integrating Resources
Part to be cataloged Entire resource Granular Web site Type of Issuance Monograph, serial or integrating Iteration First, last, other See Slide Example Web site for an organization – overall site but also serials (newletter, journal) monographic, many different items to catalog

Integrating Resources Basis for Description
Resource itself is chief source of information Title proper from formally presented evidence Source with most complete information Title display on home page screen HTML header title (browser title bar) Other: main menus, title screens, etc. See Slide

Leader/06 - Type of Record Code for primary content of resource & not physical form a : Language material Includes text based Web sites & databases m: Computer file Restricted to computer software, online systems or services, etc. See Slide

Leader/07 – Bibliographic level i : Integrating resource Updating loose-leafs, updating Web sites, & updating databases Not yet implemented in OCLC – Code “m” and add 006 in interim m: Monograph S : Serial New bib level- Not yet implemented

006/008 - Description Original item - s : Electronic Form of item - s : Electronic Frequency – k : Continuously updated NEW! Regularity – same as serials 008 – like serial New frequency K – continuously updated (more frequently than daily) Regularity same as serials

Type of continuing resource NEW! d : Updating database l : Updating loose-leaf w : Updating web site Entry Convention - 2: Integrating entry NEW! More new 008 codes – Type of IR Database Web site Loose-leaf New entry convention: integrating (a lot like latest entry previously used for serials) Record is cataloged under latest title New record made only for major change in edition, or when new work, mergers, or splits

007 - Physical Description c : Computer file r : Remote access n : Dimensions (not applicable) Select code for color Select code for sound See Slide

020/022 – Standard Numbers 245 – Title Change $a, $n, $p to reflect current iteration 247 – Former Title Title added entry and note Standard numbers if available – many don’t have Change 245 $a/n/p to reflect current iteration (title proper a,n,p) 246 – same as for serials- can be both note and added title entry No introductory words “welcome to” – give in 246 note if needed Titles by which commonly known $i: Commonly known as: $a AACR2 $i: Title in header 247 and/or 547 (former title complexity) fields – identify which iteration had this form of title – only for former title proper info Steps: Change 245 to match current iteration Move former title to 247 note/added entry field Move former date viewed to subfield $f of 247 field (Change date in 500 note to current date viewed) Example Resources for American history $h [electronic resource] American history resources on the Internet $f <Jan. 5, 1999>

250 - Edition Statement Include if important Do not include frequency information 256 - Type & Extent Electronic data Electronic program(s) Electronic data and program(s) 250 reflect current iteration – new record only if resource continues to exist as resource separate from new record to be cataloged Include if important – do not include statements indicating revision or frequent updating AACR nd ed. Release – no (release numbers as new versions are released) 256 Use one of these to indicate to indicate type – LC will not add these

260 - Publication Information Bottom of home page “About” page Links to publisher Domain name in URL All web resources are considered “published” Record place of publication & name Slide – places to look

260 - Publication Date Beginning = date of first iteration Ending = date of last iteration Most have open dates example: $c1995- Include date only if first and/or last iteration is available Do not use date on resource indicating current year If cat from first or last iteration Record beginning date or ending date in 260 $c 2002- -2001. Can supply approximate date in brackets. If both first & last iterations are available Record both dates in 260 $c, separated by hyphen If neither first nor last iteration is available or you have no idea Do not give beginning or ending date: omit 260$c and comma Use a note if info can be ascertained 362: Began in 2000. Or supply beginning/end date in 260$c if readily ascertained (LC will do this if explicit) in brackets Most will be open dates 1999- Be careful of date that are not publication info – may indicate current year, not beginning of resource No date 199u or

300 - Physical Description Not used for electronic integrating resources 310/321- Frequency Include current and former frequency of updates Updated quarterly, monthly, annually Continuously updated Updated irregularly 300 – not used for electronic 310/321 –Record unless unknown – similar to serials

362 - Dates Use for publication information when not from first or last iteration No date in 260 440/490/830 – Series Statement Change to reflect current iteration Add 500 note if considered important 362 – seriality 362 1 Began in 1973; ceased in 2001. Series change to reflect current iteration; works like title – add notes as needed

500 - Notes Note latest iteration used for cataloging description Include source of title note (may be combined) 547 - Note (Former Title Complexity) 500 – changes with iteration change Title from homepage (viewed Sept. 2, 2003) Title from title bar (viewed … Description based on: update 10, published 2002. 547 – title history note if need more explanation than 247 (former title) can provide

650 – Subject Headings Should be broad Add new subject headings for current iteration Delete headings not applicable to current iteration Same as for any other resource See slide

775,776,770,780,785,787 - Linking Fields Serials Integrating Resources Integrating Resources Integrating Resources Integrating Resources Monographs Serial fields – Can link to other formats 770 supplements 775 other ed. 776 – other physical formats 780 - former titles 785 – later title 787 – non specific relationship

Example: what is format? What is title? What is the iteration?
3 monographic publications combined – integrating resource Home Page: Grovemusic.com comprises the full text of The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London, 2001), The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, edited by Stanley Sadie (London, 1992), and The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz, second edition, edited by Barry Kernfeld (London, 2002). Articles that have been updated since their appearance in print are date-stamped in the upper right corner of the screen. About Page: Grove Music Online now includes the full text of The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (second edition), The New Grove Dictionary of Opera and The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz (second edition). Grove Music Online will be updated annually to ensure it remains the most up to date music reference work on the internet. What’s new Page: What else has changed since the launch of Grove Music Online in January 2001?

MARC Record > > Grove music $h [electronic resource] / $c edited by Laura Macy. > Grovemusic > $i Also known as: $a > Grovemusic.com > $i Title from How to cite page: $a New Grove dictionary of music and musicians online > $i Title from About page: $a Grove music online > $i Includes former title: $a New Grove dictionary of opera online Coded as monograph with 006 info 246 title variations

>260 [Basingstoke, England] : $b Macmillan
> Updated annually, $b 2003- > Updated quarterly, $b > Began in 2001? > Mode of access: World Wide Web. > Title from home page (viewed on May 6, 2003). > Includes the full text with ongoing updates of The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians, 2nd ed., The new Grove dictionary of opera, and The new Grove dictionary of Jazz, 2nd ed. > Includes bibliographical references and index. > Access limited to subscribers. System requirements: To listen to examples, install the software plug-in Scorch from Sibellius. 260 – no date 362 1 Serial fields 506 not required 538 mode of access

>650 0 Music $v Encyclopedias.
> Music $v Bio-bibliography. > Opera $v Encyclopedias. > Jazz $v Encyclopedias. > Macy, Laura Williams. > New Grove dictionary of music and musicians. > New Grove dictionary of opera. > New Grove dictionary of jazz. 730 uniform titles

> $i In part available in print: $t New Grove dictionary of music and musicians $z $w (DLC) $w (OCoLC) > $i In part available in print: $t New Grove dictionary of opera $z $w (DLC) $w (OCoLC) > $i In part available in print: $t New Grove dictionary of jazz $z $w (DLC) $w (OCoLC) > $u $z For subscribers only; follow links to resource Linking fields 776 – other physical formats 856 electronic access $z

Example: online version of print serial that does not retain separate discrete parts or issues –
What is it What is title What is iteration 2 OCLC records 1 serial, 1 monograph with 006 (IR) Looking at details on site – not by years as before – parts updated 4 times a year, other parts semiannually, part annually

Electronic Record >010 sn 96034036 >042 lcd
> Associations unlimited (Online) > Associations unlimited $h [electronic resource]. > Encyclopedia of associations > Detroit, MI : $b Gale Research > Began in 1995? > Title from title screen. > Subscription required for access. > Hypertext (electronic journal) Serial record

>520 Consists of three files corresponding to: Vol
> Consists of three files corresponding to: Vol. 1 of Encyclopedia of associations; Encyclopedia of associations. International organizations; and: Encyclopedia of associations. Regional, state, and local organizations. > Online version of the CD-ROM ed. > Mode of access: Internet via World Wide Web. > Associations, institutions, etc. $v Directories. > Associations, institutions, etc. $z United States $v Directories. > Societies $v Directories.

>856 40 $u http://www.galenet.com/servlet/AU
> Gale Research Inc. > $t Encyclopedia of associations $x $w (DLC) $w (OCoLC) > $t Encyclopedia of associations. International organizations $x $w (DLC) $w (OCoLC) > $t Encyclopedia of associations. Regional, state, and local organizations $x $w (DLC) $w (OCoLC) > $t Associations unlimited (CD-ROM) $w (DLC)sn $w (OCoLC) > $u 776 links to print 856

Print Title 010 76046129 $z 61014123 $z sn 86011525 >042 nsdp $a lc
> Encyclopedia of associations. > Detroit, $b Gale Research Co., $c 1961- > v. $c 29 cm. > Annual, $b 1975- > Irregular, $b > rd- ed. Linking 776 fields

>650 0 Associations, institutions, etc. $v Directories.
> Vol. 1, National organizations of the U.S.; v. 2, Geographic and executive index; v. 3, 4th-5th eds., New Associations; 6th ed., New Associations and projects; v. 4, 18th-22nd eds., International organizations; v. 5, 19th ed., Research activities and funding programs. > Issued online with title: Associations unlimited (subscription required for access) > CD-ROM ed. also available: Gale global access. Association, <Dec >; Encyclopedia of associations CD-ROM, <Dec June 1994> > Associations, institutions, etc. $v Directories. > Associations, institutions, etc. $z United States $v Directories. 530

>700 1 Ruffner, Frederick G. >700 1 Fisk, Margaret.
> Gale Research Company. > $t Associations unlimited (Online) $w (DLC)sn $w (OCoLC) > $t Gale global access. Associations $x $w (DLC) $w (OCoLC) > $t Encyclopedia of associations CD-ROM $x $w (DLC) $w (OCoLC) > $t Encyclopedia of American associations $x $w (DLC) $w (OCoLC) > $t Encyclopedia of associations. International organizations $x $w (DLC) $w (OCoLC) > $u 776 links to online 856 link to online

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