1. How are minerals made? How do we get them?

2. The Formation of Minerals:
Size of crystal depends on cooling rate
Crystallizing from MAGMA
Molten material is a liquid mixture of freely moving crystals.
As molten material rises towards Earth’s surface it cools and crystalline solids form.
Ex: muscovite, quartz, and magnetite

3. The Formation of Minerals (cont.):
2. Crystallization of elements dissolved in water
Elements in water are freely moving in liquid
When water evaporates, solid crystals are left behind
Can be above or below Earth’s
surface
Ex: galena, gypsum, calcite

4. This salt bed of halite formed when an ancient salt lake evaporated and left the crystals behind.
The white “stripes” in the mountain are minerals left behind from magma flowing through the Earth’s crust

5. Mining for Ore – 2 Main Types

6. The method used to reach mineral deposits depends on how deep it is from the surface:

7. Surface Mining – When mineral deposits are located at or near the Earth’s surface
Types: open pits, surface coal mines, and quarries
Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold
Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold
Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold
Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold
Bullets – yellow
Copyright – white 12 points Arial
Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg,
Size:
Height: 7.52"
Width: 10.02"
Scale: 70%
Position on slide:
Horizontal - 0"
Vertical - 0"
End of Slide

8. PA Quarries

9. World Diamond Mines

10. Ekita Diamond Mine in Canada

11. Fort Knox Gold Mine

12. Subsurface Mining – when minerals are deep in Earth
Subsurface Mining – when minerals are deep in Earth. Different types of passageways can be dug to reach the ore:
Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold
Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold
Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold
Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold
Bullets – yellow
Copyright – white 12 points Arial
Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg,
Size:
Height: 7.52"
Width: 10.02"
Scale: 70%
Position on slide:
Horizontal - 0"
Vertical - 0"
End of Slide

13. Drift Mines

14. Continuous Mining Machines

15. Harmful Effects of Mining
Water Pollution

16. Harmful Effects of Mining
Structural damage from erosion

17. Harmful Effects of Mining
Habitat Destruction and loss of species

18. Solutions? We can mine less if we follow 3 R’s
Local and State governments and agencies monitor mining companies and fine them for harmful practices

19. Mine Reclamation – required by law since the 1970’s

20. Mine Reclamation (Golf Course)
Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold
Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold
Title – yellow 28 points Arial Bold
Body text – white24 points Arial and Arial Bold
Bullets – yellow
Copyright – white 12 points Arial
Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg,
Size:
Height: 7.52"
Width: 10.02"
Scale: 70%
Position on slide:
Horizontal - 0"
Vertical - 0"
End of Slide

21. Mine Reclamation (Air Field)

22. Reclamation Problems $650,000 for Mine Reclamation Work in Clinton County

23. From PA Department of Environmental Protection:
“Pennsylvania has approximately 180,000 acres of abandoned mine sites in need of remediation, and our aggressive program is reclaiming these sites to eliminate harmful acid mine drainage, protect our waterways and return the land to its original condition,” DEP Deputy Secretary for Active and Abandoned Mine Operations John Stefanko said

24. Harmful Effects of Mining
Water Pollution
Structural damage from erosion
Habitat Destruction and loss of species
Solutions?
We can mine less if we follow 3 R’s
Local and State governments and agencies monitor mining companies and fine them for harmful practices
Mine Reclamation – required by law since the 1970’s