Technician License Course Chapter 1

Technician License Course Chapter 1
Lesson Plan Module 1 – Welcome to Amateur Radio

2014 Technician License Course
Introductions State your name and a little about yourself. Why are you taking this course? What do you know about ham radio? What expectations do you have for yourself and your instructors? You will set the tone for the class at this very first meeting. First impressions go a long way, so spend some time on how you are going to begin the class. Have the room set up the way you expect to have it for the remainder of the class. Participants have a tendency to sit away from the instructor, so you may have to force participants to move forward. Also participants will tend to keep a seat as their own territory once they settle in, so it is a good idea to have just a few seats more than for the audience intended to give them as few choices as possible. Start on time!!!! Remember you will set the tone and expectations during this first meeting. You will undoubtedly have participants wander in late. Don’t make a big deal out of it, acknowledge them and include them as appropriate without interrupting the flow of the class, but being consistent with your start time and class format will ultimately send the message of your expectations and help the students learn. 2014 Technician License Course

Expectations Class will start and end on time. Instructor will be prepared for each topic. We are going to spend our time on the information you need to pass the exam. You can learn the rest of the material in the book later on. Ham radio is not a spectator sport. Active participation during class discussions is vital to success in obtaining a Technician class license – your “ticket.” Here is a good time to state your expectations of the students and also state what they can expect from you. 2014 Technician License Course

Course Overview Welcome to Amateur Radio Radio and Signal Fundamentals Electricity, Components, and Circuits Propagation, Antennas, and Feed Lines Amateur Radio Equipment Communicating with Other Hams Licensing Regulations Operating Regulations Safety Provide your students with a handout that includes the scope and sequence of the class and the dates, times and meeting location for each class. It is important for you to spend some time here and explain how the flow of the presentations will build toward the ultimate goal. There is some initial emphasis on technical material that might not interest some students or intimidate others. Stress that your intention is not to create engineers out of the group, but it is important that the students learn some basic technical concepts right away because they form the basis for the material on operating, rules, and regulations. Time you spend during this explanation will be time well spent and make it easier for the students to understand the later material. You will be using a building block approach, material in previous lessons will be used as the foundation in future lessons. Some material may seem at first to be irrelevant and tedious, but tell your students to hang in there and give it a chance…it will become clear as the course proceeds (that is if you do a good job of tying it all together). 2014 Technician License Course

Let’s Get Started Our goal during this class is for each of you to achieve the Technician class Amateur Radio license! The license will authorize you to operate an Amateur Radio (ham radio) transmitter. Don’t go into license class operating privileges at this time in great detail. To do so would require you to use vocabulary that is unfamiliar to many of the students. 2014 Technician License Course

Page 1-13 What Is Amateur Radio? Amateur (or ham) Radio is a personal radio service authorized by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). To encourage the advancement of the art and science of radio. To promote the development of an emergency communication capability to assist communities when needed. To develop a pool of trained radio operators. To promote international good will by connecting private citizens in countries around the globe. Through ham radio, you will become an ambassador for your community and your country. If you have the technology, you might consider playing a few video clips of ham radio related activities such as some of the material produced by Icom or online material from the ARRL HRLM website or YouTube. Keep the videos short and focused on relatively non-technical material. Tell the audience what ham radio means to you, your personal stories will be very motivational. A key point to make is the personal and non-commercial nature of ham radio. Don’t overemphasize this point so that it becomes boring, but simply state that amateur radio is voluntary and can’t be used in support of commercial activities. (Also don’t quibble about the special exceptions on making money through ham radio. The only exception that most hams are likely to encounter is teachers using ham radio in the classroom…this exception should be brought up later or if someone asks specifically.) 2014 Technician License Course

What Do Hams Do? Communicate Experiment Build Compete Serve their communities Engage in life-long learning State briefly (without using a lot of technical jargon) the various ways that hams communicate. This would be a good time to bring up the social aspects of ham radio through participation in clubs and activities…a good opportunity to introduce and promote membership in your own club and mention the benefits of the ARRL. Discuss some of the technical aspects that are encouraged though ham radio…it is one of the few services authorized to build and operate transmitting equipment. For those who like to build and tinker, mention the aspect of ham radio of building up a station and making improvements as time goes on. For those who like competition, mention the numerous kinds of contests and awards that are available. Note that they are good practice for operating and learning about propagation and building a station. Emergency communications and public service is also a good hook for many of the participants. Emphasize that ham radio allows all who desire to actively support their communities regardless of age, gender, or physical abilities. Finally, talk about ham radio as a life-long learning activity that can challenge the mind for a lifetime. 2014 Technician License Course

What Makes Ham Radio Different?
There are many unlicensed radio services available. Ham radio is very flexible: Fewer restrictions More frequencies (channels or bands) More power (to improve range and quality) More ways to communicate It’s free to operate your radio Acknowledge that there are many, many radio services out there that the students can use to do many of the same things that they will be able to do with their ham radios, and in many cases better. Some examples are mobile or “cell” phones, Internet, Family Service Radios, and even Citizens Band. But emphasize that ham radio has fewer restrictions than the other services; more frequencies allow more flexibility to take advantage of changing conditions to effect the range or distance of communications (avoid heavy detail about propagation); more power (here compare the power levels of transmitters, most student will have a basic understanding of power and the word watt) improves quality of the received signals (you can relate this to dropped cell phone calls etc.); give some of the unique ways that hams can communicate. Finally, emphasize that except for the examination fee, ham radio operation is free -- no monthly fees or user fees. 2014 Technician License Course

With More Privileges Comes More Responsibility
Because ham radios are much more capable and have the potential of interfering with other radio services. Because ham radios have unlimited reach, they easily reach around the globe and into space. FCC authorization is required to ensure the operator is qualified to operate the ham radio safely, legally, and effectively – that is why you are here. Point out to your students that the FCC will authorize them to operate some pretty spectacular technology, and with that privilege comes some responsibility. That is a primary difference between amateur radio and other services – the ham trades additional training to gain flexibility and the ability to experiment. The licensing process is the way the FCC ensures that the ham is qualified to assume and exercise those privileges. 2014 Technician License Course

Steps to Obtaining Your Ticket
Study the material in the Ham Radio License Manual. (Be sure you have the right edition!) Review the questions in the back of the book. Take interactive practice exams. Pass a proctored 35-question multiple choice test. Questions pulled directly from the question pool. Need to answer 26 questions correctly. No Morse code is required. Briefly outline how you expect the students to prepare to pass the test. Emphasize that in your class you will assist them in learning the material, but it will be up to them to study to pass the test. Also emphasize that you will be presenting material that will teach the students to operate a ham radio safely, legally, and effectively. Mention that you may cover material that is outside the scope of the test but still important to operating a ham radio. Also note that while you may not touch on all topics that are covered by the test, assure them that they will be exposed to all the material if they read the text, and that you will be happy to answer particular questions that individual students may have as they proceed with their studies. They are equally responsible for their success, in other words. 2014 Technician License Course

So Let’s Begin Your Ham Radio Journey
We have touched briefly on what ham radio is. More detail will follow as we go through the lessons. Reading assignment: Introduction and Chapter 1 – this covers materials already presented in the first hour. Chapter 2 – covers basic radio terms and concepts. Give a quick recap of the material that you covered in presentation. Ask for questions and answer the questions. Don’t be afraid to defer answering questions until later lessons when you have had a chance to present required background material. BUT make sure that you eventually answer the question. Put some responsibility on the student to make sure that their question is eventually answered either during future presentations or directly by the instructor. The students probably have not read material in advance, so ask them to catch up with the material. You can also point them to appropriate questions in the pool that are related to what you covered during the lesson. Give them the homework assignment to read. Briefly state what comes next as a motivator. 2014 Technician License Course

Practice Questions 2014 Technician License Course

Which agency regulates and enforces the rules for the Amateur Radio Service in the United States? A. FEMA B. The ITU C. The FCC D. Homeland Security FCC Rule: [97.1] T1A02 HRLM (7-2) 2014 Technician License Course

Lesson Plan Module 2 – Radio Waves & Signals Page 2-1 14

Page 2-2 Wave Vocabulary Before we study radio, we need to learn some wave vocabulary. Amplitude Frequency (hertz, Hz) Period (seconds, s) Fundamental Harmonics Spend some time with live demonstration to make sure the students are really familiar with the concepts and vocabulary of waves. These demonstrations could include using an audio frequency generator connected to a speaker and oscilloscope to allow students to hear an audio sine wave and see the wave. This will allow you to point out the difference between amplitude and frequency, the relationship between frequency and wavelength, the relationship between frequency and period. Explain the units of frequency (hertz, Hz) and period (seconds, s). 2014 Technician License Course 15

Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic waves are made up of electric and magnetic energy (fields) that can travel through space. The electric and magnetic fields vary in the pattern of a sine wave. Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light. That is about 300 Million Meters per Second. This is an introduction only – the goal is to show that radio waves are a form of electromagnetic energy. 2014 Technician License Course 16

Electromagnetic Energy A Demonstration
What happens when you drop a magnet through a pipe made of non-magnetic conductive material, such as copper? This is a powerful demonstration that will help your students understand that radio waves combine electric and magnetic fields. For this demonstration you will need a length of common copper pipe and PVC pipe and a very strong slug or ball magnet. Try as a source of magnets. Their number 10 magnet, a cylinder about 5/8 inch in diameter is a good size. The pipes should be sufficient diameter to allow the magnet to pass through, ¾ inch pipe should work. Talk with the students about the concept of magnetism and magnetic fields. Talk with the students about electric current. Demonstrate that the magnetic is in fact a magnet by having it stick to a ferrous metal. Demonstrate that the magnet does not stick to the copper or PVC pipe and explain why. Pose the question. Have the students predict what will happen then have each drop the magnet through the pipe to test their hypothesis. (the magnet falls slowly through the copper pipe, falls right through the PVC) Discuss what the students observe. What you are demonstrating is the two fundamental principles of electronics: Any time a magnetic field moves, it causes electrons in the vicinity of the field to move. Any time an electron moves, it creates a magnetic field. So what is happening is that the moving magnet (field) causes electrons in the copper to move. Those moving electrons in the pipe in turn create an opposing magnetic field that prevents the magnet from falling right through. The magnet falls right through the PVC because the PVC is an insulator…no electrons allowed to move therefore no opposing magnetic field. 2014 Technician License Course 17

You observed electromagnetic energy being exchanged between the magnet and electrons in the pipe: The falling magnet creates a moving magnetic field, in turn causing electrons in the pipe to move. The moving electrons create a magnetic field that opposes the magnet’s motion. Observe that the energy is transferred back and forth but that due to energy losses in the material of the pipe (resistance, if you want to introduce it at this stage) there is not quite enough energy re-generated by the moving electrons to keep the magnet from falling. As a result the magnet falls slowly until it is clear of the pipe, where it again falls at a normal rate. 2014 Technician License Course 18

If the magnet was moved back and forth repeatedly, the varying electric and magnetic fields would create a sustained electromagnetic wave spreading into space like a water ripple. Moving electrons in an antenna take the place of the moving magnet. A signal from a transmitter can make the electrons in an antenna move, transferring energy from the signal to electromagnetic waves. 2014 Technician License Course 19

The same process works “backward,” too! Electromagnetic waves encountering an antenna make its electrons move in sync with the wave. Electromagnetic energy is transferred from the wave to the electrons. The moving electrons create a signal that can be detected by a receiver. 2014 Technician License Course 20

Electromagnetic Spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum is divided into ranges of frequencies in which electromagnetic waves behave similarly. Each range or segment has a different name. Waves with a certain range of frequencies that can be used for communication are called radio waves. Waves with similar frequencies in each segment will act the about the same. For instance, they may have a long or short range, reflect off similar surfaces, interact with the atmosphere the same way, etc. 2014 Technician License Course 21

Frequency The number of complete cycles that occurs in one second.
The unit of measure of frequency is Hertz (Hz) Household power is 60 cycles per second or 60 Hertz or 60 Hz. Your hand-held radio will produce AC power at about 145 Million cycles per second or 145 MHz.

Page 2 - 4 Radio Spectrum Point out on the diagram where familiar signals are located like AM/FM commercial radio, police and fire channels, TV, satellite TV. Show the location of a few amateur bands. Point out how each segment acts differently from adjacent segments. Don’t be afraid to tell them that it isn’t that simple, that the lines between segments sometimes are a little fuzzy, that is part of the fun of radio. The part of the electromagnetic spectrum composed of radio waves is called the radio frequency or RF spectrum. 2014 Technician License Course 23

Radio Spectrum Parts of the spectrum allocated for a common purpose are called a band, such as the “AM band” or “CB band.” Signals in these bands are usually of the same type for commercial services Hams share the band across many signals of different types Discuss the bands students are already familiar with – AM band, FM band, CB band Show that the references are approximate and only for convenience, not an exact frequency or wavelength. 2014 Technician License Course 24

The HF band is from 3 to 30 MHz
The VHF band is from 30 to 300 MHz The UHF band is from 300 to 3000 MHz RF stands for Radio Frequency and refers to all radio frequencies.

Page 2-4 Radio Signals A radio wave carrying information is a radio signal. Each signal occupies a range of frequencies. Receivers “tune in” a signal by listening at the signal’s frequency. If you have a radio that can tune continuously through the AM band, slowly tune past a few stations showing the signal strength meter and observing that the signal appears to have “width”. 2014 Technician License Course 26

Page 2-5 Wavelength Wavelength is the distance a radio wave travels during one cycle of the wave’s electric and magnetic fields. λ (lambda) is the symbol for wavelength Waves travel at the speed of light, c. Hams can refer to bands by frequency (50 MHz) or by wave-length (6 meters) Perform the rope demonstration. Talk about the inverse relationship between frequency and wavelength. Use videos or other teaching aids to reinforce that the relationship exists because the speed of light is constant for all electromagnetic waves of any frequency or wavelength. Don’t confuse the students at this point discussing velocity factor or the speed of light in other media than air and free space. Present and derive the 300/f formula. Show how the same signal can be specified by frequency or by wavelength. Note that hams use this relationship to talk about bands by wavelength (“6 meters”) or frequency (“50 MHz”) Go over a few practice problems. Give the test questions as homework. 2014 Technician License Course 27

Wavelength The distance a radio wave travels in one cycle.
Page 2 - 5 The distance a radio wave travels in one cycle. Wavelength in meters = 300 divided by the frequency in mega hertz (MHz) Memorize this formula. It can help you get several questions correctly.

More on the use of this formula
Frequency in MHz = 300/ wavelength in meters. Or Wavelength in meters = 300 / frequency in MHz Remember, you may have to convert the frequency from Kilohertz to MegaHz. You already know how to do that. Don’t you?

Note that as the frequency rises as the wavelength gets shorter.
Also note that amateurs talk about the different bands by the approximate wavelength of the band.

This really Hertz! Hertz (Hz) is the basic unit of frequency
KiloHertz (KHz) is 1000 Hz MegaHertz (MHz) is 1,000,000 Hz GigaHertz (GHz) is 1,000,000,000 Hz

Practice Questions 2014 Technician License Course 32

What is the name for the distance a radio wave travels during one complete cycle? A. Wave speed B. Waveform C. Wavelength D. Wave spread T3B01 HRLM (2-5) 2014 Technician License Course

How fast does a radio wave travel through free space?
A. At the speed of light B. At the speed of sound C. Its speed is inversely proportional to its wavelength D. Its speed increases as the frequency increases T3B04 HRLM (2-5) 2014 Technician License Course

How does the wavelength of a radio wave relate to its frequency?
A. The wavelength gets longer as the frequency increases B. The wavelength gets shorter as the frequency increases C. There is no relationship between wavelength and frequency D. The wavelength depends on the bandwidth of the signal T3B05 HRLM (2-5) 2014 Technician License Course

What is the formula for converting frequency to approximate wavelength in meters? A. Wavelength in meters equals frequency in hertz multiplied by 300 B. Wavelength in meters equals frequency in hertz divided by 300 C. Wavelength in meters equals frequency in megahertz divided by 300 D. Wavelength in meters equals 300 divided by frequency in megahertz T3B06 HRLM (2-6) 2014 Technician License Course

What property of radio waves is often used to identify the different frequency bands? A. The approximate wavelength B. The magnetic intensity of waves C. The time it takes for waves to travel one mile D. The voltage standing wave ratio of waves T3B07 HRLM (2-5) 2014 Technician License Course

What are the frequency limits of the VHF spectrum?
A. 30 to 300 kHz B. 30 to 300 MHz C. 300 to 3000 kHz D. 300 to 3000 MHz T3B08 HRLM (2-3) 2014 Technician License Course

What are the frequency limits of the UHF spectrum?
A. 30 to 300 kHz B. 30 to 300 MHz C. 300 to 3000 kHz D. 300 to 3000 MHz T3B09 HRLM (2-3) 2014 Technician License Course

What frequency range is referred to as HF?
A. 300 to 3000 MHz B. 30 to 300 MHz C. 3 to 30 MHz D. 300 to 3000 kHz T3B10 HRLM (2-3) 2014 Technician License Course

What is the approximate velocity of a radio wave as it travels through free space? A kilometers per second B. 300,000,000 meters per second C. 300,000 miles per hour D. 186,000 miles per hour T3B11 HRLM (2-5) 2014 Technician License Course

What is the unit of frequency?
A. Hertz B. Henry C. Farad D. Tesla T5C05 HRLM (2-3) 2014 Technician License Course

What does the abbreviation “RF” refer to?
A. Radio frequency signals of all types B. The resonant frequency of a tuned circuit C. The real frequency transmitted as opposed to the apparent frequency D. Reflective force in antenna transmission lines T5C06 HRLM (2-3) 2014 Technician License Course

What term describes the number of times per second that an alternating current
reverses direction? A. Pulse rate B. Speed C. Wavelength D. Frequency T5A12 2-1

Lesson Plan Module 3 – Modulation and Bandwidth Page 2-6 45

The Basic Radio Station
Explain what a basic radio station consists of and show some examples of actual ham equipment. 2014 Technician License Course 46

What Happens During Radio Communication?
Transmitting (sending a signal): Information (voice, data, video, commands, etc.) is converted to electronic form. The information in electronic form is added to a radio wave. The radio wave carrying the information is sent from the station antenna into space. 2014 Technician License Course 47

Receiving: The radio wave carrying the information is intercepted by the receiving station’s antenna. The receiver extracts the information from the received wave. The information is then presented to the user in a format that can be understood (sound, picture, words on a computer screen, response to a command, etc.). 2014 Technician License Course 48

Adding and extracting the information can be simple or complex. This makes ham radio fun…learning all about how radios work. Don’t be intimidated. You will be required to only know the basics, but you can learn as much about the “art and science” of radio as you want. Note that radios can be very simple – for AM or CW – or very complex such as for digital modes. Show examples of a minimal low-power CW transmitter and a simple AM receiver. 2014 Technician License Course 49

Adding Information – Modulation
When we add some information to the radio wave, (the carrier) we modulate the wave. Turn the wave on and off (Morse code) Speech or music Data Different modulation techniques vary different properties of the wave to add the information: Amplitude, frequency, or phase You now need to make the jump from the discussion of radio spectrum to the concept of modulation. The important concept is understanding that modulation adds information to the carrier radio wave. There are different ways to add information to the carrier by varying different properties of the wave. 2014 Technician License Course 50

Phase Along with frequency and period, another important property of waves is phase. Phase is a position within a cycle. Phase is also a relative position between two waves. Introduce the concept of phase as the position within a cycle or as a relative difference between two waves. Note that phase is different from polarity, which is the convention that assigns positive and negative. 2014 Technician License Course 51

CW - Morse Code – On and Off
2014 Technician License Course 52

Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Page 2-7 Amplitude Modulation (AM) In AM, the amplitude of the carrier wave is modified in step with the waveform of the information (the tone shown here). The ARRL modulation board is an excellent resource that can be used to demonstrate the concept of modulation. This board uses amplitude modulation and demodulation circuits along with an oscilloscope to visually depict what happens during amplitude modulation. If you have an oscilloscope, you can also use a regular ham transceiver to transmit into a dummy load. Connect the oscilloscope at the dummy load or to a wire wrapped several times around the coaxial cable to sample the output waveform. 2014 Technician License Course 53

Page 2-8 Composite Signals The process of adding information to an unmodulated radio wave creates additional signals called sidebands. The sidebands and carrier work together to carry the information. The combination of carrier and sidebands creates a composite signal. 2014 Technician License Course 54

Characteristics of Voice AM
Page 2-8 Characteristics of Voice AM AM signals consist of three components: Carrier Lower sideband (LSB) Upper sideband (USB) AM bandwidth is twice the information bandwidth. Carrier LSB USB Show how each of the sidebands is spaced equally from the carrier by the frequency of the tone information modulating the carrier. (800 – 0.6 = kHz and = kHz) Note the convention of presenting a single-frequency signal as a vertical line with the height of the line representing amplitude and horizontal position indicating frequency. Review the abbreviations USB and LSB. If asked, explain that for AM signals, the carrier is more powerful than either sideband and that is why the carrier line is higher. This is discussed later when SSB is introduced. Amplitude Frequency (kHz) AM signal being modulated by a 600 Hz tone 2014 Technician License Course 55

Characteristics of Voice Information
Page 2-8 Characteristics of Voice Information Sounds that make up voice are a complex mixture of multiple frequencies from 300–3000 Hz Two mirror-image sets of sidebands are created, each up to 3000 Hz wide. AM voice signal bandwidth 2 x 3000 Hz = 6000 Hz 2014 Technician License Course 56

Page 2-9 Bandwidth The carrier and sidebands have different frequencies, occupying a range of spectrum space. The occupied range is the composite signal’s bandwidth. Different types of modulation and information result in different signal bandwidths. Remind the students of the drawing in Module 2 that showed the signals arranged along the horizontal axis of the strength-versus-frequency graph. Ask them to recall how the receiver acted when being tuned across the signals, if that experiment was performed. 2014 Technician License Course 57

Single Sideband Modulation (SSB)
Page 2-9 Single Sideband Modulation (SSB) The two sets of voice sidebands carry duplicate information. We can improve efficiency by transmitting only one sideband and reconstructing the missing carrier in the receiver. SSB bandwidth is only 3000 Hz for voice signals. Note that above 10 MHz using USB is the standard, including on the VHF and UHF bands. USB is also used on the 5 MHz band by rule. 2014 Technician License Course 58

9 Upper Side Band (USB) is used above 10 MHz including on the VHF and UHF bands. This is the standard. Most radios will follow this standard automatically. USB is also used on the 5 MHz band by rule.

Frequency and Phase Modulation (FM and PM)
Page 2-9 Frequency and Phase Modulation (FM and PM) Instead of varying amplitude, if we use the information to vary the carrier’s frequency, frequency modulation (FM) is produced. FM bandwidth (for voice) is between 5 and 15 kHz. We can also shift the signal’s phase back and forth, creating phase modulation (PM) that is very similar to FM. Discuss the concept of deviation, the amount of frequency change from the carrier frequency determines the volume of the transmitted information. Discuss what happens if you over-deviate. Also discuss that PM is produced by varying the phase of the carrier, creating a signal that is very similar to FM. Note that both FM and PM can be received by the same receiver although the effect on the extracted information is slightly different. It is hard to distinguish between PM and FM. Don’t get into the dependence on amplitude and frequency of the modulating signal – it is not particularly important for the new ham. This is a good opportunity to talk about the advantages and disadvantages of the different forms of modulation. 2014 Technician License Course 60

Because of the band width of the various types of modulation you must not put your signal too close to a band edge because of the following: You may have parts of your signals sidebands out of the band. Your radio may not be calibrated exactly for correct frequency. You also need to allow for some drift in frequency. The deviation (band width) of FM changes with the amplitude of the modulating signal. In other words don’t talk too loud. The louder you talk the wider the band width of your FM signal will be.

Typical Signal Bandwidths
Page 2-10 Typical Signal Bandwidths 2014 Technician License Course

Single Sideband is a form of amplitude modulation.
FM is usually used for VHF Packet. FM is usually used on repeaters on VHF and UHF SSB is best for use on VHF and UHF long distance or weak signals. CW has the narrowest bandwidth of all modes of modulation Upper sideband is used for 10 meter HF, VHF and UHF SSB transmissions. The primary advantage of SSB over FM is the narrower band-width. The approximate bandwidth of a SSB signal is 3kHz.

12 A repeater is a station that transmits a received signal on another frequency or channel. Repeaters provide local communications between low power mobile and portable stations.

Practice Questions 2014 Technician License Course 65

Why should you not set your transmit frequency to be exactly at the edge of an amateur band or sub-band? A. To allow for calibration error in the transmitter frequency display B. So that modulation sidebands do not extend beyond the band edge C. To allow for transmitter frequency drift D. All of these choices are correct FCC Rule: [97.101(a), (a-e)] T1B09 HRLM (2-10) 2014 Technician License Course

What determines the amount of deviation of an FM (as opposed to PM) signal? A. Both the frequency and amplitude of the modulating signal B. The frequency of the modulating signal C. The amplitude of the modulating signal D. The relative phase of the modulating signal T2B05 HRLM (2-10) 2014 Technician License Course

What happens when the deviation of an FM transmitter is increased?
A. Its signal occupies more bandwidth B. Its output power increases C. Its output power and bandwidth increases D. Asymmetric modulation occurs T2B06 HRLM (2-9) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following is a form of amplitude modulation?
A. Spread spectrum B. Packet radio C. Single sideband D. Phase shift keying T8A01 HRLM (2-9) 2014 Technician License Course

What type of modulation is most commonly used for VHF packet radio transmissions? A. FM B. SSB C. AM D. Spread spectrum T8A02 HRLM (2-10) 2014 Technician License Course

Which type of voice modulation is most often used for long-distance or weak signal contacts on the VHF and UHF bands? A. FM B. DRM C. SSB D. PM T8A03 HRLM (2-11) 2014 Technician License Course

Which type of modulation is most commonly used for VHF and UHF voice repeaters? A. AM B. SSB C. PSK D. FM T8A04 HRLM (2-10) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following types of emission has the narrowest bandwidth?
A. FM voice B. SSB voice C. CW D. Slow-scan TV T8A05 HRLM (2-10) 2014 Technician License Course

Which sideband is normally used for 10 meter HF, VHF and UHF single-sideband communications? A. Upper sideband B. Lower sideband C. Suppressed sideband D. Inverted sideband T8A06 HRLM (2-11) 2014 Technician License Course

What is the primary advantage of single sideband over FM for voice transmissions? A. SSB signals are easier to tune B. SSB signals are less susceptible to interference C. SSB signals have narrower bandwidth D. All of these choices are correct T8A07 HRLM (2-11) 2014 Technician License Course

What is the approximate bandwidth of a single sideband voice signal?
A. 1 kHz B. 3 kHz C. 6 kHz D. 15 kHz T8A08 HRLM (2-5) 2014 Technician License Course

What is the approximate bandwidth of a VHF repeater FM phone signal?
A. Less than 500 Hz B. About 150 kHz C. Between 10 and 15 kHz D. Between 50 and 125 kHz T8A09 HRLM (2-5) 2014 Technician License Course

What is the typical bandwidth of analog fast-scan TV transmissions on the 70 cm band? A. More than 10 MHz B. About 6 MHz C. About 3 MHz D. About 1 MHz T8A10 HRLM (2-5) 2014 Technician License Course

What is the approximate maximum bandwidth required to transmit a CW signal? A. 2.4 kHz B. 150 Hz C Hz D. 15 kHz T8A11 HRLM (2-5) 2014 Technician License Course

What type of amateur station simultaneously transmits the signal of another amateur station on a different channel or channels? Beacon station Earth station Repeater Station Message forwarding station T1F09 2-12

A type of antenna switch
What is a transceiver? A type of antenna switch A unit combining the functions of a transmitter and a receiver A component in a repeater which filters out unwanted interference A type of antenna matching network T7A02 2-12

The End of This Module

Technician License Course Chapter 1

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Technician License Course Chapter 1"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback

Log in

Auth with social network:

Technician License Course Chapter 1

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Technician License Course Chapter 1"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback