1. Welcome to Amateur Radio 101 0r officially Element 2 Technician Class License
Instructors
Jack Lindley W6YOY
John (Tom) Foster N6FVY
G. West: Tech Frequencies p. 63
Multi-mode excitement
(part) p. 127
Arrl: Chapter 1 & 2

2. Class Reference
Chapter 10 Glossary important. New jargon to learn.

3. Ridiculous Relationships
Technician Class
Ridiculous Relationships
by Grace

4. Internet Resources
ARRL Good for flash card reference and study.
Does not randomize, or repeat missed questions.
arrl.org/examreview
Hamexam.org. Good reference for flash cards, but you must work with your stats. Web based
Ham Radio Exam iOS APP excellent.
by Roy Watson
QRZ.com Practice exams, web based

5. Arrl.org/examreview

10. For Next Week 73 Tom and Jack Study flash cards www.hamexam.org
Radio
Fundamentals
Rules &
Regs
Comm w/
Others
Antennas
Propagation
Equipment
Electricity
Safety
Lesson 1
T1B
T3B
T8A
Lesson 2
T1A
T1C
TID
T1E
T1F
Lesson 3
T2A
T2B
T2C
T8B
T8C
Lesson 4
T3A
T3C
T9A
T9B
T7C
Lesson 5
T4A
T4B
T7A
T7B
T8D
Lesson 6
T5A
T5B
T5C
T5D
T6A
T6B
T6C
T6D
T7D
Lesson 7
T0A
T0B
T0C 73
Tom and Jack

12. Hamexam.org
Reset Stats if needed

13. Hamexam.org
Select Filter

14. 1. Set your Question Filters
2. Update filters
3. Go home

17. Practice exams
Flash cards
Use your Calculator.

18. Something for Everyone
Ham Radio
Something for Everyone

19. What is Amateur Radio?
Definition from book
Amateur radio (also called ham radio) is the use of designated radio frequencies for:
private recreation communications,
non-commercial,
If you have the technology, you might consider playing a few video clips of ham radio related activities such as the Cronkite video or perhaps some of the material produced by Icom.
Tell the audience what ham radio means to you, your personal stories will be very motivational.
A key point to make is the private nature of ham radio. Don’t overemphasize this point so that it becomes boring, but simply state that you can’t make money operating a ham radio. (Also don’t quibble about the special exceptions on making money through ham radio. The only exception that most hams are likely to encounter is teachers using ham radio in the classroom…this might be a good exception to bring up.)
wireless experimentation,
self-training,
and emergency communication.

20. What is The Purpose of Amateur Radio?
Definition from book
T1A01 Advancing skills in the technical and communication phases of the radio art
If you have the technology, you might consider playing a few video clips of ham radio related activities such as the Cronkite video or perhaps some of the material produced by Icom.
Tell the audience what ham radio means to you, your personal stories will be very motivational.
A key point to make is the private nature of ham radio. Don’t overemphasize this point so that it becomes boring, but simply state that you can’t make money operating a ham radio. (Also don’t quibble about the special exceptions on making money through ham radio. The only exception that most hams are likely to encounter is teachers using ham radio in the classroom…this might be a good exception to bring up.)
T1A01 (C) [97.1]
Which of the following is a purpose of the Amateur Radio Service as stated in the FCC rules and regulations?
A. Providing personal radio communications for as many citizens as possible
B. Providing communications for international non-profit organizations
C. Advancing skills in the technical and communication phases of the radio art
D. All of these choices are correct

21. Who can become a Ham Open to All No age Requirement
Hams range in age from 5 to years
The three different elements
Element 1
One restriction
Can not be a representative of a foreign government
Element 2 Technician Class
Element 3 General Class
Element 4 Extra Class

22. The Test 426 Questions 35 Sections Question from each section
26 Correct to pass
Two ways to study for your license exam
Cram – take a one day class Learn answers but very little about radio.
Radio Class Learn by doing and hands on.

23. Amateur Radio Different from other Radio Service
28 Bands
of which
15 in common use
Broad Frequency Coverage
Work on or build your own equipment
Experiment
Max Power W PEP
FRS Family Radio Service - no license mw
GMRS General Mobile Radio Service - License required – 5 W
CB Citizen Band - No License watts output.
MURS Multi User Radio Service - No license watts

24. My first radio
A reason for FRS radios

25. FCC governs Amateur Radio Service
T1A02 The agency that regulates and enforces the rules for the Amateur Radio Service in the United States is the FCC.
T1A03 Part 97 of the FCC rules contains the rules and regulations governing the Amateur Radio Service.
Just learn
Part 97 Amateur Radio regulations are contained in Title-47 Telecommunication. (3 inches thick)
FCC governs Amateur Radio Service

26. Internationally
T1B01 The ITU (International Telecommunications Union) is a United Nations agency for information and communication technology issues.
Just learn

27. North American amateur stations are located in ITU Region 2
T1B02 Some US territories are located in other ITU Regions
T1B12 Maritime Mobile (can be in any ITU region)
Three ITU Regions
North America
ITU
Region 2
Just remember we are in region 2

28. Amateur Radio Station apparatus A control operator
T1A10 The FCC Part 97 definition of an amateur station is a station in an Amateur Radio Service consisting of the necessary for carrying on radio communications.
apparatus
A control operator
Make sure the FCC has issued your call sign before you go on the air for the first time.

29. Radio Frequency (RF) Spectrum
Point out on the diagram where familiar signals are located like AM/FM commercial radio, police and fire channels, TV, satellite TV. Point out how each segment acts differently from adjacent segments. Don’t be afraid to tell them that it isn’t that simple, that the lines between segments sometimes are a little fuzzy, that is part of the fun of radio.
High Frequency
3 – 30 kHz VLF
30 – 300 kHz LF
300 kHz – 3 MHz MF
3MHz – 30 MHz HF
30 MHZ – 300 MHz VHF
300 MHz - 3,000 MHz UHF
3 GHz – 30 GHz SHF
30 GHz – 300 GHz EHF
Very High Frequency
T3B08
T3B09
T3B10
Ultra High Frequency

30. Where does amateur radio live in the frequency spectrum
T3B05
>>Wavelength Gets shorter>>>frequency increases >>>>Loses increase>>>Communications become line of sight>>>> MF HF
VHF
UHF
300 KHz
3 MHz
30 MHz
300 MHz
3.5 MHz
80 Meters
4 MHz
5.33 MHz
60 Meters
MHz
CHP
420 MHz
70 cm
450 Mhz
FRS/GMRS
7 MHz
40 Meters
7.3 MHz
50 MHz
6 Meters
54 MHz
Lower sideband
Upper sideband
10.1 MHz
30 Meters
MHz AM TV 88 FM
Broadcast
108
902 MHz
33 cm
928 MHz
Aviation
Cell Phone
14 MHz
20 Meters
MHz
Military
1240 MHZ
23 cm
1300 MHz
144 MHz
2 Meters
148 MHz
Municipal
1.8 MHz
160 Meters
2 MHz
17 Meters
15 Meters
219 MHz
1.25 Meters
225 MHz
12 Meters CB
28 MHz
10 Meters
29.7 MHz
3 MHZ
3000MHz
Primary a night time band.
Primary General and Extra Class privileges
Technician class home range
Very short daytime range
Limited Technician privileges
SSB on 10 M
6 meters the un-predictable band
Line of sight communications
CW on 40 and 15 meters
Suited for repeater operation
Long distance communications
70 cm suited for mobile and portable
Large antennas.
FM and digital modes.
Day to night from upper to lower freq.
Suited for mobile and portable comm.
60 and 30 meter special restrictions
2 mtr SSB and CW at lower band edge
Solar activity critical
Satellite and EME
Wavelength = 300/ Freq. (MHz)
Frequency (MHz) = 300/ Wavelength (mtrs.)
Speed of light = 300,000,000 meters / sec.
MHz
1490 kHz
102.1 MHz

31. A reference that you will always available at the site of your station.

32. Mode Restricted Sub-Band
On certain bands, and as a technician you are restricted to a particular mode in portions of some bands 6 and 2 meters has a restriction of CW only in the bottom 100kHz.
T1B11
What emission modes are permitted in the mode-restricted sub-bands at 50.0 to 50.1 MHz and to MHz?
A. CW only
B. CW and RTTY
C. SSB only
D. CW and SSB
(A)

33. A. The 6 meter, 2 meter, and 70 cm bands
T1B10
Which of the bands available to Technician Class operators have mode-restricted sub-bands?
A. The 6 meter, 2 meter, and 70 cm bands
B. The 2 meter and 13 cm bands
C. The 6 meter, 2 meter, and 1.25 meter bands
D. The 2 meter and 70 cm bands
(C)
In addition to 6 and 2 meter, 1.25 has a restriction to Fixed Digital Forwarding. There are other restrictions, but only need to know these three. And on this one, not the type of restriction.

36. Radio Waves are AC
Radio waves (electromagnetic radiation) are AC waves.
Radio waves are used to carry the information you want to convey to someone else.
"You see, wire telegraph is a kind of a very, very long cat. You pull his tail in New York and his head is meowing in Los Angeles. Do you understand this? And radio operates exactly the same way: you send signals here, they receive them there. The only difference is that there is no cat." Albert Einstein

37. LET’S MAKE AN ELECTRO-MAGNETIC WAVE

38. Radio Waves To the moon Around the earth 380,000,000 m 40,000,000 m
= 1.26 sec.
= .13 sec.
T3B03 Electric and magnetic fields are the two components of a radio wave.
T3B04 Radio waves travel through free space at the speed of light.
T3B05 As the wavelength gets shorter the frequency increases.
Higher in frequency the shorter the distance between each wave.
They are at right angles to each other and together are called “electromagnetic” radio waves
When we discuss the polarization of an antenna, weather horizontal or vertical, re refer to the Electric or E field.
Speed of light= 300,000,000 meters / sec.

40. Wave Vocabulary
Before we study radio waves, we need to learn some wave vocabulary.
Amplitude
Frequency
Wavelength
Harmonics
Spend some time with live demonstration to make sure the students are really familiar with the concepts and vocabulary of waves. These demonstrations could include using audio frequency generator connected to a speaker and oscilloscope to allow students to hear a audio sine wave and see the wave. This will allow you to point out the differenced between amplitude and frequency, the relationship between frequency and wavelength, the relationship between frequency and period.
The strength of the signal
The number of cycles in one second
The distance the wave travels
during one complete cycle
Integer multiple of the frequency
Hz (Hertz) = 1 cycle per second

41. Simple Math calculator
300
Frequency
(MHz)
Wavelength
Meters
Keep it simple. Work all frequency and wavelength problems using meter. Convert to feet or inches at the last step if necessary. Average is close enough to fit the given answers.
Example 2. T1B03
What frequency is within the
6 meter band?
Example 1. T1B04
What band are you operating with a frequency of MHz ?
= 50
- 54
49.00 MHz
MHz
2.047 or
Approximately 2 meters
28.50 MHz
MHz

42. For Practice 300 Frequency (MHz) Wavelength Meters T1B03 T1B04 T1B05
Only one comes close
T1B05
Which 70 cm frequency is authorized to a Technician Class license holder operating in ITU Region 2?
A MHz
B MHz
C MHz
D MHz
(C)

43. For Practice 300 Frequency (MHz) Wavelength Meters T1B03 T1B04 T1B05
Which 23 cm frequency is authorized to a Technician Class operator license?
A MHz
B MHz
C MHz
D MHz
(B)

44. For Practice 300 Frequency (MHz) Wavelength Meters T1B03 T1B04 T1B05
What amateur band are you using if you are transmitting on MHz?
A. 15 meter band
B. 10 meter band
C. 2 meter band
D meter band
(D)

45. Modulation Adding Information -
When we add information on the radio wave, we modulate the wave.
Turn the wave on and off – CW
Voice -- AM and FM
Data
Different modulation techniques are called modes.
You now need to make the jump from the discussion of radio spectrum and antenna resonance to the concept of modulation. The important concept here is understanding that modulation is imprinting information on the carrier radio wave. There are different ways to do this imprinting; those different ways are called modes.
Only three ways to add information to a RF wave

46. Bandwidth
When information is added to a carrier frequency bandwidth is created.
CW Signals have the narrowest bandwidth T8A05
Must know bulleted bandwidth. The questions that appear in the pool in reference to Mode type.
CW ≈ 150 Hz.
SSB ≈3 kHz.
AM ≈ 6 kHz.
FM ≈ 5 – 15 kHz.
FS Analog TV ≈ 6MHZ.

47. Frequency away from the band edges? CW ≈ 150 Hz
Center Frequency
Transmit Freq
Band Edge
T1B09 Why do we set our transmitter
Frequency away from the band edges?
CW ≈ 150 Hz
So sidebands do not extend beyond band edges
AM ≈ 6 kHz
T8A08 – T8A11
An arbitrary band with relative bandwidth of different modes. Illustrates that wide bands are required for the larger bandwidth signals. Again this is just a relative illustration not to scale.
To allow for calibration error of transmitter display
SSB ≈ 3 kHz
To allow for transmitter frequency drift.
FM ≈ kHz
TV ≈ 6 MHz

48. CW - Morse Code – On and Off
The information is in the radio wave itself turning on and off. The original on Digital mode called international Morse.
T8A11, Bandwidth for CW
150 Hz

49. FM Modulation
T8A02, T8A04 Most common for Packet, and Repeater voice.
The frequency of the radio wave is changed (deviated) by the amount determined by amplitude of the modulating signal. The louder you speak the greater the deviation. The frequency of our voice
Is contained in the frequency in which the deviation occurs.
Information is added to the carrier by slightly changing the frequency, called deviation
T2B05, The deviation is determined by The amplitude of the modulating signal
Added information creates bandwidth

50. T8A09, Bandwidth of amateur VHF repeater FM phone signal
T2B06
What happens when the deviation of an FM transmitter is increased?
A. Its signal occupies more bandwidth
B. Its output power increases
C. Its output power and bandwidth increases
D. Asymmetric modulation occurs
The more you deviate the more room you need
T8A09, Bandwidth of amateur VHF repeater FM phone signal
10 – 15 kHz

51. Amplitude Modulation (AM)
In AM, the amplitude of the carrier wave is modified in step with the waveform of the information (voice).
An audio signal is added to a RF signal combining to give a Amplitude Modulated carrier.
Bandwidth, 5 – 6 kHz.

52. Characteristics of Voice AM
AM signals consist of three components:
Carrier
Lower sideband
Upper sideband
AM bandwidth is twice the voice bandwidth.
Sound waves that make up your voice are a complex mixture of multiple frequencies.
Two sidebands are created that are mirror images.

53. Single Sideband Modulation (SSB)
Since voice is made up of identical mirror image sidebands:
We can improve efficiency of transmission by transmitting only one sideband and then reconstruct the missing sideband at the receiver.
T8A07
What is the primary advantage of single sideband over FM for voice transmissions?
A. SSB signals are easier to tune
B. SSB signals are less susceptible to interference
C. SSB signals have narrower bandwidth
D. All of these choices are correct
(C)

54. Single Sideband Modulation (SSB) Is:
Fun Facts:
A form of amplitude modulation. T8A01
Used on long distance weak signal signal VHF and UHF bands. T8A04
Upper sideband is normally used for 10 meter HF, VHF and UHF single sideband communications. T8A06
The approximate bandwidth of a SSB signal is 3 kHz. T8A08

55. What is the name for the distance a radio wave travels during one complete cycle? (T3B01)
A. Wave speed
B. Waveform
C. Wavelength
D. Wave spread

56. What is the name for the distance a radio wave travels during one complete cycle? (T3B01)
A. Wave speed
B. Waveform
C. Wavelength
D. Wave spread

57. How fast does a radio wave travel through free space? (T3B04)
A. At the speed of light
B. At the speed of sound
C. Its speed is inversely proportional to its wavelength
D. Its speed increases as the frequency increases

58. How fast does a radio wave travel through free space? T3B04)
A. At the speed of light
B. At the speed of sound
C. Its speed is inversely proportional to its wavelength
D. Its speed increases as the frequency increases

59. How does the wavelength of a radio wave relate to its frequency
How does the wavelength of a radio wave relate to its frequency? (T3B05)
A. The wavelength gets longer as the frequency increases
B. The wavelength gets shorter as the frequency increases
C. There is no relationship between wavelength and frequency
D. The wavelength depends on the bandwidth of the signal

60. How does the wavelength of a radio wave relate to its frequency
How does the wavelength of a radio wave relate to its frequency? (T3B05)
A. The wavelength gets longer as the frequency increases
B. The wavelength gets shorter as the frequency increases
C. There is no relationship between wavelength and frequency
D. The wavelength depends on the bandwidth of the signal
“Si”

61. What is the formula for converting frequency to wavelength in meters
What is the formula for converting frequency to wavelength in meters? (T3B06)
A. Wavelength in meters equals frequency in hertz multiplied by 300
B. Wavelength in meters equals frequency in hertz divided by 300
C. Wavelength in meters equals frequency in megahertz divided by 300
D. Wavelength in meters equals 300 divided by frequency in megahertz

62. What is the formula for converting frequency to wavelength in meters
What is the formula for converting frequency to wavelength in meters? (T3B06)
A. Wavelength in meters equals frequency in hertz multiplied by 300
B. Wavelength in meters equals frequency in hertz divided by 300
C. Wavelength in meters equals frequency in megahertz divided by 300
D. Wavelength in meters equals 300 divided by frequency in megahertz

63. What property of radio waves is often used to identify the different frequency bands? (T3B07)
A. The approximate wavelength
B. The magnetic intensity of waves
C. The time it takes for waves to travel one mile
D. The voltage standing wave ratio of waves

64. What property of radio waves is often used to identify the different frequency bands? (T3B07)
A. The approximate wavelength
B. The magnetic intensity of waves
C. The time it takes for waves to travel one mile
D. The voltage standing wave ratio of waves

65. What are the frequency limits of the VHF spectrum? (T3B08)
A. 30 to 300 kHz
B. 30 to 300 MHz
C to 3000 kHz
D to 3000 MHz

66. What are the frequency limits of the VHF spectrum? (T3B08)
A. 30 to 300 kHz
B. 30 to 300 MHz
C to 3000 kHz
D to 3000 MHz

67. What are the frequency limits of the UHF spectrum? (T3B09)
A. 30 to 300 kHz
B. 30 to 300 MHz
C to 3000 kHz
D to 3000 MHz

68. What are the frequency limits of the UHF spectrum? (T3B09)
A. 30 to 300 kHz
B. 30 to 300 MHz
C to 3000 kHz
D to 3000 MHz

69. What frequency range is referred to as HF? (T3B10)
A to 3000 MHz
B. 30 to 300 MHz
C. 3 to 30 MHz
D to 3000 kHz

70. What frequency range is referred to as HF? (T3B10)
A to 3000 MHz
B. 30 to 300 MHz
C. 3 to 30 MHz
D to 3000 kHz

71. What is the approximate velocity of a radio wave as it travels through free space? (T3B11)
A kilometers per second
D. 300,000,000 meters per second
C. 300,000 miles per hour
D. 186,000 miles per hour

72. What is the approximate velocity of a radio wave as it travels through free space? (T3B11)
A kilometers per second
B. 300,000,000 meters per second
C. 300,000 miles per hour
D. 186,000 miles per hour

73. What is the unit of frequency? (T5C05)
A. Hertz
B. Henry
C. Farad
D. Telsa

74. What is the unit of frequency? (T5C05)
A. Hertz
B. Henry
C. Farad
D. Telsa

75. What does the abbreviation “RF” refer to ? (T5C06)
A. Radio frequency signals of all types
B. The resonant frequency of a tuned circuit
C. The real frequency transmitted as opposed to the apparent frequency
D. Reflective force in antenna transmission lines

76. What does the abbreviation “RF” refer to ? (T5C06)
A. Radio frequency signals of all types
B. The resonant frequency of a tuned circuit
C. The real frequency transmitted as opposed to the apparent frequency
D. Reflective force in antenna transmission lines

77. For Next Week 73 Tom and Jack Study flash cards www.hamexam.org
Radio
Fundamentals
Rules &
Regs
Comm w/
Others
Antennas
Propagation
Equipment
Electricity
Safety
Lesson 1
T1B
T3B
T8A
Lesson 2
T1A
T1C
TID
T1E
T1F
Lesson 3
T2A
T2B
T2C
T8B
T8C
Lesson 4
T3A
T3C
T9A
T9B
T7C
Lesson 5
T4A
T4B
T7A
T7B
T8D
Lesson 6
T5A
T5B
T5C
T5D
T6A
T6B
T6C
T6D
T7D
Lesson 7
T0A
T0B
T0C 73
Tom and Jack