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Welcome to Amateur Radio 101 0r officially Element 2 Technician Class License
Instructors Jack Lindley W6YOY John (Tom) Foster N6FVY G. West: Tech Frequencies p. 63 Multi-mode excitement (part) p. 127 Arrl: Chapter 1 & 2
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Class Reference Chapter 10 Glossary important. New jargon to learn.
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Ridiculous Relationships
Technician Class Ridiculous Relationships by Grace
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Internet Resources ARRL Good for flash card reference and study. Does not randomize, or repeat missed questions. arrl.org/examreview Hamexam.org. Good reference for flash cards, but you must work with your stats. Web based Ham Radio Exam iOS APP excellent. by Roy Watson QRZ.com Practice exams, web based
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Arrl.org/examreview
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For Next Week 73 Tom and Jack Study flash cards www.hamexam.org
Radio Fundamentals Rules & Regs Comm w/ Others Antennas Propagation Equipment Electricity Safety Lesson 1 T1B T3B T8A Lesson 2 T1A T1C TID T1E T1F Lesson 3 T2A T2B T2C T8B T8C Lesson 4 T3A T3C T9A T9B T7C Lesson 5 T4A T4B T7A T7B T8D Lesson 6 T5A T5B T5C T5D T6A T6B T6C T6D T7D Lesson 7 T0A T0B T0C 73 Tom and Jack
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Hamexam.org Reset Stats if needed
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Hamexam.org Select Filter
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1. Set your Question Filters
2. Update filters 3. Go home
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Practice exams Flash cards Use your Calculator.
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Something for Everyone
Ham Radio Something for Everyone
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What is Amateur Radio? Definition from book Amateur radio (also called ham radio) is the use of designated radio frequencies for: private recreation communications, non-commercial, If you have the technology, you might consider playing a few video clips of ham radio related activities such as the Cronkite video or perhaps some of the material produced by Icom. Tell the audience what ham radio means to you, your personal stories will be very motivational. A key point to make is the private nature of ham radio. Don’t overemphasize this point so that it becomes boring, but simply state that you can’t make money operating a ham radio. (Also don’t quibble about the special exceptions on making money through ham radio. The only exception that most hams are likely to encounter is teachers using ham radio in the classroom…this might be a good exception to bring up.) wireless experimentation, self-training, and emergency communication.
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What is The Purpose of Amateur Radio?
Definition from book T1A01 Advancing skills in the technical and communication phases of the radio art If you have the technology, you might consider playing a few video clips of ham radio related activities such as the Cronkite video or perhaps some of the material produced by Icom. Tell the audience what ham radio means to you, your personal stories will be very motivational. A key point to make is the private nature of ham radio. Don’t overemphasize this point so that it becomes boring, but simply state that you can’t make money operating a ham radio. (Also don’t quibble about the special exceptions on making money through ham radio. The only exception that most hams are likely to encounter is teachers using ham radio in the classroom…this might be a good exception to bring up.) T1A01 (C) [97.1] Which of the following is a purpose of the Amateur Radio Service as stated in the FCC rules and regulations? A. Providing personal radio communications for as many citizens as possible B. Providing communications for international non-profit organizations C. Advancing skills in the technical and communication phases of the radio art D. All of these choices are correct
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Who can become a Ham Open to All No age Requirement
Hams range in age from 5 to years The three different elements Element 1 One restriction Can not be a representative of a foreign government Element 2 Technician Class Element 3 General Class Element 4 Extra Class
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The Test 426 Questions 35 Sections Question from each section
26 Correct to pass Two ways to study for your license exam Cram – take a one day class Learn answers but very little about radio. Radio Class Learn by doing and hands on.
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Amateur Radio Different from other Radio Service
28 Bands of which 15 in common use Broad Frequency Coverage Work on or build your own equipment Experiment Max Power W PEP FRS Family Radio Service - no license mw GMRS General Mobile Radio Service - License required – 5 W CB Citizen Band - No License watts output. MURS Multi User Radio Service - No license watts
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My first radio A reason for FRS radios
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FCC governs Amateur Radio Service
T1A02 The agency that regulates and enforces the rules for the Amateur Radio Service in the United States is the FCC. T1A03 Part 97 of the FCC rules contains the rules and regulations governing the Amateur Radio Service. Just learn Part 97 Amateur Radio regulations are contained in Title-47 Telecommunication. (3 inches thick) FCC governs Amateur Radio Service
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Internationally T1B01 The ITU (International Telecommunications Union) is a United Nations agency for information and communication technology issues. Just learn
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North American amateur stations are located in ITU Region 2
T1B02 Some US territories are located in other ITU Regions T1B12 Maritime Mobile (can be in any ITU region) Three ITU Regions North America ITU Region 2 Just remember we are in region 2
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Amateur Radio Station apparatus A control operator
T1A10 The FCC Part 97 definition of an amateur station is a station in an Amateur Radio Service consisting of the necessary for carrying on radio communications. apparatus A control operator Make sure the FCC has issued your call sign before you go on the air for the first time.
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Radio Frequency (RF) Spectrum
Point out on the diagram where familiar signals are located like AM/FM commercial radio, police and fire channels, TV, satellite TV. Point out how each segment acts differently from adjacent segments. Don’t be afraid to tell them that it isn’t that simple, that the lines between segments sometimes are a little fuzzy, that is part of the fun of radio. High Frequency 3 – 30 kHz VLF 30 – 300 kHz LF 300 kHz – 3 MHz MF 3MHz – 30 MHz HF 30 MHZ – 300 MHz VHF 300 MHz - 3,000 MHz UHF 3 GHz – 30 GHz SHF 30 GHz – 300 GHz EHF Very High Frequency T3B08 T3B09 T3B10 Ultra High Frequency
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Where does amateur radio live in the frequency spectrum
T3B05 >>Wavelength Gets shorter>>>frequency increases >>>>Loses increase>>>Communications become line of sight>>>> MF HF VHF UHF 300 KHz 3 MHz 30 MHz 300 MHz 3.5 MHz 80 Meters 4 MHz 5.33 MHz 60 Meters MHz CHP 420 MHz 70 cm 450 Mhz FRS/GMRS 7 MHz 40 Meters 7.3 MHz 50 MHz 6 Meters 54 MHz Lower sideband Upper sideband 10.1 MHz 30 Meters MHz AM TV 88 FM Broadcast 108 902 MHz 33 cm 928 MHz Aviation Cell Phone 14 MHz 20 Meters MHz Military 1240 MHZ 23 cm 1300 MHz 144 MHz 2 Meters 148 MHz Municipal 1.8 MHz 160 Meters 2 MHz 17 Meters 15 Meters 219 MHz 1.25 Meters 225 MHz 12 Meters CB 28 MHz 10 Meters 29.7 MHz 3 MHZ 3000MHz Primary a night time band. Primary General and Extra Class privileges Technician class home range Very short daytime range Limited Technician privileges SSB on 10 M 6 meters the un-predictable band Line of sight communications CW on 40 and 15 meters Suited for repeater operation Long distance communications 70 cm suited for mobile and portable Large antennas. FM and digital modes. Day to night from upper to lower freq. Suited for mobile and portable comm. 60 and 30 meter special restrictions 2 mtr SSB and CW at lower band edge Solar activity critical Satellite and EME Wavelength = 300/ Freq. (MHz) Frequency (MHz) = 300/ Wavelength (mtrs.) Speed of light = 300,000,000 meters / sec. MHz 1490 kHz 102.1 MHz
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A reference that you will always available at the site of your station.
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Mode Restricted Sub-Band
On certain bands, and as a technician you are restricted to a particular mode in portions of some bands 6 and 2 meters has a restriction of CW only in the bottom 100kHz. T1B11 What emission modes are permitted in the mode-restricted sub-bands at 50.0 to 50.1 MHz and to MHz? A. CW only B. CW and RTTY C. SSB only D. CW and SSB (A)
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A. The 6 meter, 2 meter, and 70 cm bands
T1B10 Which of the bands available to Technician Class operators have mode-restricted sub-bands? A. The 6 meter, 2 meter, and 70 cm bands B. The 2 meter and 13 cm bands C. The 6 meter, 2 meter, and 1.25 meter bands D. The 2 meter and 70 cm bands (C) In addition to 6 and 2 meter, 1.25 has a restriction to Fixed Digital Forwarding. There are other restrictions, but only need to know these three. And on this one, not the type of restriction.
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Radio Waves are AC Radio waves (electromagnetic radiation) are AC waves. Radio waves are used to carry the information you want to convey to someone else. "You see, wire telegraph is a kind of a very, very long cat. You pull his tail in New York and his head is meowing in Los Angeles. Do you understand this? And radio operates exactly the same way: you send signals here, they receive them there. The only difference is that there is no cat." Albert Einstein
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LET’S MAKE AN ELECTRO-MAGNETIC WAVE
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Radio Waves To the moon Around the earth 380,000,000 m 40,000,000 m
= 1.26 sec. = .13 sec. T3B03 Electric and magnetic fields are the two components of a radio wave. T3B04 Radio waves travel through free space at the speed of light. T3B05 As the wavelength gets shorter the frequency increases. Higher in frequency the shorter the distance between each wave. They are at right angles to each other and together are called “electromagnetic” radio waves When we discuss the polarization of an antenna, weather horizontal or vertical, re refer to the Electric or E field. Speed of light= 300,000,000 meters / sec.
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Wave Vocabulary Before we study radio waves, we need to learn some wave vocabulary. Amplitude Frequency Wavelength Harmonics Spend some time with live demonstration to make sure the students are really familiar with the concepts and vocabulary of waves. These demonstrations could include using audio frequency generator connected to a speaker and oscilloscope to allow students to hear a audio sine wave and see the wave. This will allow you to point out the differenced between amplitude and frequency, the relationship between frequency and wavelength, the relationship between frequency and period. The strength of the signal The number of cycles in one second The distance the wave travels during one complete cycle Integer multiple of the frequency Hz (Hertz) = 1 cycle per second
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Simple Math calculator
300 Frequency (MHz) Wavelength Meters Keep it simple. Work all frequency and wavelength problems using meter. Convert to feet or inches at the last step if necessary. Average is close enough to fit the given answers. Example 2. T1B03 What frequency is within the 6 meter band? Example 1. T1B04 What band are you operating with a frequency of MHz ? = 50 - 54 49.00 MHz MHz 2.047 or Approximately 2 meters 28.50 MHz MHz
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For Practice 300 Frequency (MHz) Wavelength Meters T1B03 T1B04 T1B05
Only one comes close T1B05 Which 70 cm frequency is authorized to a Technician Class license holder operating in ITU Region 2? A MHz B MHz C MHz D MHz (C)
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For Practice 300 Frequency (MHz) Wavelength Meters T1B03 T1B04 T1B05
Which 23 cm frequency is authorized to a Technician Class operator license? A MHz B MHz C MHz D MHz (B)
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For Practice 300 Frequency (MHz) Wavelength Meters T1B03 T1B04 T1B05
What amateur band are you using if you are transmitting on MHz? A. 15 meter band B. 10 meter band C. 2 meter band D meter band (D)
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Modulation Adding Information -
When we add information on the radio wave, we modulate the wave. Turn the wave on and off – CW Voice -- AM and FM Data Different modulation techniques are called modes. You now need to make the jump from the discussion of radio spectrum and antenna resonance to the concept of modulation. The important concept here is understanding that modulation is imprinting information on the carrier radio wave. There are different ways to do this imprinting; those different ways are called modes. Only three ways to add information to a RF wave
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Bandwidth When information is added to a carrier frequency bandwidth is created. CW Signals have the narrowest bandwidth T8A05 Must know bulleted bandwidth. The questions that appear in the pool in reference to Mode type. CW ≈ 150 Hz. SSB ≈3 kHz. AM ≈ 6 kHz. FM ≈ 5 – 15 kHz. FS Analog TV ≈ 6MHZ.
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Frequency away from the band edges? CW ≈ 150 Hz
Center Frequency Transmit Freq Band Edge T1B09 Why do we set our transmitter Frequency away from the band edges? CW ≈ 150 Hz So sidebands do not extend beyond band edges AM ≈ 6 kHz T8A08 – T8A11 An arbitrary band with relative bandwidth of different modes. Illustrates that wide bands are required for the larger bandwidth signals. Again this is just a relative illustration not to scale. To allow for calibration error of transmitter display SSB ≈ 3 kHz To allow for transmitter frequency drift. FM ≈ kHz TV ≈ 6 MHz
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CW - Morse Code – On and Off
The information is in the radio wave itself turning on and off. The original on Digital mode called international Morse. T8A11, Bandwidth for CW 150 Hz
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FM Modulation T8A02, T8A04 Most common for Packet, and Repeater voice. The frequency of the radio wave is changed (deviated) by the amount determined by amplitude of the modulating signal. The louder you speak the greater the deviation. The frequency of our voice Is contained in the frequency in which the deviation occurs. Information is added to the carrier by slightly changing the frequency, called deviation T2B05, The deviation is determined by The amplitude of the modulating signal Added information creates bandwidth
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T8A09, Bandwidth of amateur VHF repeater FM phone signal
T2B06 What happens when the deviation of an FM transmitter is increased? A. Its signal occupies more bandwidth B. Its output power increases C. Its output power and bandwidth increases D. Asymmetric modulation occurs The more you deviate the more room you need T8A09, Bandwidth of amateur VHF repeater FM phone signal 10 – 15 kHz
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Amplitude Modulation (AM)
In AM, the amplitude of the carrier wave is modified in step with the waveform of the information (voice). An audio signal is added to a RF signal combining to give a Amplitude Modulated carrier. Bandwidth, 5 – 6 kHz.
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Characteristics of Voice AM
AM signals consist of three components: Carrier Lower sideband Upper sideband AM bandwidth is twice the voice bandwidth. Sound waves that make up your voice are a complex mixture of multiple frequencies. Two sidebands are created that are mirror images.
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Single Sideband Modulation (SSB)
Since voice is made up of identical mirror image sidebands: We can improve efficiency of transmission by transmitting only one sideband and then reconstruct the missing sideband at the receiver. T8A07 What is the primary advantage of single sideband over FM for voice transmissions? A. SSB signals are easier to tune B. SSB signals are less susceptible to interference C. SSB signals have narrower bandwidth D. All of these choices are correct (C)
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Single Sideband Modulation (SSB) Is:
Fun Facts: A form of amplitude modulation. T8A01 Used on long distance weak signal signal VHF and UHF bands. T8A04 Upper sideband is normally used for 10 meter HF, VHF and UHF single sideband communications. T8A06 The approximate bandwidth of a SSB signal is 3 kHz. T8A08
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What is the name for the distance a radio wave travels during one complete cycle? (T3B01)
A. Wave speed B. Waveform C. Wavelength D. Wave spread
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What is the name for the distance a radio wave travels during one complete cycle? (T3B01)
A. Wave speed B. Waveform C. Wavelength D. Wave spread
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How fast does a radio wave travel through free space? (T3B04)
A. At the speed of light B. At the speed of sound C. Its speed is inversely proportional to its wavelength D. Its speed increases as the frequency increases
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How fast does a radio wave travel through free space? T3B04)
A. At the speed of light B. At the speed of sound C. Its speed is inversely proportional to its wavelength D. Its speed increases as the frequency increases
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How does the wavelength of a radio wave relate to its frequency
How does the wavelength of a radio wave relate to its frequency? (T3B05) A. The wavelength gets longer as the frequency increases B. The wavelength gets shorter as the frequency increases C. There is no relationship between wavelength and frequency D. The wavelength depends on the bandwidth of the signal
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How does the wavelength of a radio wave relate to its frequency
How does the wavelength of a radio wave relate to its frequency? (T3B05) A. The wavelength gets longer as the frequency increases B. The wavelength gets shorter as the frequency increases C. There is no relationship between wavelength and frequency D. The wavelength depends on the bandwidth of the signal “Si”
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What is the formula for converting frequency to wavelength in meters
What is the formula for converting frequency to wavelength in meters? (T3B06) A. Wavelength in meters equals frequency in hertz multiplied by 300 B. Wavelength in meters equals frequency in hertz divided by 300 C. Wavelength in meters equals frequency in megahertz divided by 300 D. Wavelength in meters equals 300 divided by frequency in megahertz
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What is the formula for converting frequency to wavelength in meters
What is the formula for converting frequency to wavelength in meters? (T3B06) A. Wavelength in meters equals frequency in hertz multiplied by 300 B. Wavelength in meters equals frequency in hertz divided by 300 C. Wavelength in meters equals frequency in megahertz divided by 300 D. Wavelength in meters equals 300 divided by frequency in megahertz
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What property of radio waves is often used to identify the different frequency bands? (T3B07)
A. The approximate wavelength B. The magnetic intensity of waves C. The time it takes for waves to travel one mile D. The voltage standing wave ratio of waves
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What property of radio waves is often used to identify the different frequency bands? (T3B07)
A. The approximate wavelength B. The magnetic intensity of waves C. The time it takes for waves to travel one mile D. The voltage standing wave ratio of waves
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What are the frequency limits of the VHF spectrum? (T3B08)
A. 30 to 300 kHz B. 30 to 300 MHz C to 3000 kHz D to 3000 MHz
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What are the frequency limits of the VHF spectrum? (T3B08)
A. 30 to 300 kHz B. 30 to 300 MHz C to 3000 kHz D to 3000 MHz
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What are the frequency limits of the UHF spectrum? (T3B09)
A. 30 to 300 kHz B. 30 to 300 MHz C to 3000 kHz D to 3000 MHz
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What are the frequency limits of the UHF spectrum? (T3B09)
A. 30 to 300 kHz B. 30 to 300 MHz C to 3000 kHz D to 3000 MHz
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What frequency range is referred to as HF? (T3B10)
A to 3000 MHz B. 30 to 300 MHz C. 3 to 30 MHz D to 3000 kHz
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What frequency range is referred to as HF? (T3B10)
A to 3000 MHz B. 30 to 300 MHz C. 3 to 30 MHz D to 3000 kHz
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What is the approximate velocity of a radio wave as it travels through free space? (T3B11)
A kilometers per second D. 300,000,000 meters per second C. 300,000 miles per hour D. 186,000 miles per hour
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What is the approximate velocity of a radio wave as it travels through free space? (T3B11)
A kilometers per second B. 300,000,000 meters per second C. 300,000 miles per hour D. 186,000 miles per hour
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What is the unit of frequency? (T5C05)
A. Hertz B. Henry C. Farad D. Telsa
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What is the unit of frequency? (T5C05)
A. Hertz B. Henry C. Farad D. Telsa
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What does the abbreviation “RF” refer to ? (T5C06)
A. Radio frequency signals of all types B. The resonant frequency of a tuned circuit C. The real frequency transmitted as opposed to the apparent frequency D. Reflective force in antenna transmission lines
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What does the abbreviation “RF” refer to ? (T5C06)
A. Radio frequency signals of all types B. The resonant frequency of a tuned circuit C. The real frequency transmitted as opposed to the apparent frequency D. Reflective force in antenna transmission lines
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For Next Week 73 Tom and Jack Study flash cards www.hamexam.org
Radio Fundamentals Rules & Regs Comm w/ Others Antennas Propagation Equipment Electricity Safety Lesson 1 T1B T3B T8A Lesson 2 T1A T1C TID T1E T1F Lesson 3 T2A T2B T2C T8B T8C Lesson 4 T3A T3C T9A T9B T7C Lesson 5 T4A T4B T7A T7B T8D Lesson 6 T5A T5B T5C T5D T6A T6B T6C T6D T7D Lesson 7 T0A T0B T0C 73 Tom and Jack
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