1. Greatest Hits Test 2 11 15 12 16 17 13 18 14 10/3 9/19 9/23 10/5 10/7
9/28 18 14
10/12
9/30
Selected slides to study for Test 2. The numbers on the slide are a guide to when we covered the material in lecture. If you print these out, please print them as handouts to conserve paper. (When you select print, select handouts. You can print up to 9 slides on a page).
BIO 232 Fall 2016

2. The Heart as a Pump
Stroke Volume
Cardiac Output
Cardiac Reserve 11

3. The Two Circulations 11 Volumes in R/L ventricles are equal
Volumes in the two circulations are NOT 11

4. Stroke Volume
End Diastolic Volume (EDV)
End Systolic Volume (ESV) 11

5. Cardiac Output (CO)
CO= HR x SV 11

6. Cardiac Reserve
COMax - CORest
= COReserve 11

7. Cardiac Reserve
COMax - CORest
= COReserve 11

8. Resting Heart Rate Decreases from Birth
♂ 64-72
♀ 72-80 11

9. 11 Tachycardia (100 or more beats/min) Bradycardia (60 or less
Miguel Indurain 11
A Bradycardia Sufferer

10. Heart Rate Control
Parasympathetic
(Vagal Tone)
Sympathetic
Adrenal 11

11. Changing Stroke Volume
Increasing/Decreasing EDV
Increasing/Decreasing ESV 11

12. Factors that Alter EDV and ESV
Preload
Contractility
Afterload 11

13. Preload: Heart “Stretchiness”
Affects EDV
Cardiac muscle stretches as heart fills 11

14. Frank-Starling Law of the Heart
The volume of blood ejected from a ventricle during systole (contraction) depends on the volume present in the ventricle at the end of diastole (relaxation) 11

15. Venous Return and Preload
Blood returning to heart from veins
Slow heart rate
Exercise
Very fast heart rate
Blood Loss 11

16. Contractility increases SV
Contractile strength at a given muscle length
More Ca++
Less Ca++ 11

17. Afterload Decreases Stroke Volume
Pressure in aorta decreases the amount of blood that can leave the left ventricle
120mmHg
80mmHg
120mmHg
100mmHg 11

18. Blood Vessel Layers
Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica externa 12

19. Tunica intima
Endothelium
Subendothelium 12

20. Tunica media
Largest layer
Smooth Muscle
Elastin 12

21. Smooth Muscle
Non-Straited
Involuntary 12

22. Tunica media
Vasoconstriction
Vasodilation
Vasomotor nerve fibers 12

23. Tunica externa (Adventitia)
Collagen fibers
Nerve fibers
Vasa vasarum 12

24. Arterial System 12 Elastic (Conducting) 1cm-2.5cm
Muscular (Distributing) 0.3mm-1cm
Arterioles
10um- 0.3mm
Diameters for lumens 12

25. Elastic (Conducting) Arteries
Fire Hose
Very elastic
Conduct blood with little resistance 12

26. Compliance/Distensibility
Pressure waves
Decreases pressure in smaller vessels 12

27. Muscular (Distributing) Arteries
Carry blood to organs
Smallest named arteries
Less elastin, more smooth muscle 12

28. Arterioles
Largest 3 layers
Smallest 2 layers
Change diameter 13

29. Capillaries
Smallest vessel
Tunica intima 13

30. Continuous Capillaries
Endothelial cells
Tight junctions
Blood Brain Barrier 13

31. Fenestrated Capillaries
Pores
More material in and out of blood SI
Kidney
Endocrine glands 13

32. Sinusoidal Capillaries
Very large fenestrated pores
Big intercellular clefts
Liver
Bone marrow 13

33. Capillary Beds: Closed
Terminal Arterioles
Metarterioles +
Thoroughfare channel
Vascular Shunt
Postcapillary venule 13

34. Capillary Beds: Open 13 Precapillary sphincters
OPEN due to LOCAL FACTORS
True capillaries 13

35. Venous System
Venules
Veins
Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava 13

36. Systemic Venous System
Large Lumen
Thin walls
Less smooth muscle
Less elastin
Holds ~65% of blood 13

37. Venous Valves 13

38. Venous Blood Pressure 13 No pulse Very low pressure
Blood is pushed back up to the heart 13 38

39. The Muscular Pump
Muscle contraction drives blood to heart 13 39

40. The Respiratory Pump 13 40

41. Flow Requires Pressure Differences
Blood Flow Difference in Pressure 14

42. Pressure is measured in mmHg
Pressure= Force
Area
mmHg 14

43. Pressures across the Vascular System
Systolic
Diastolic
Pulse Pressure 14 43

44. Resistance Opposes Blood Flow
Friction of blood moving through vessels
Peripheral Resistance (Systemic Circulation)
Flow = ∆P R 14
(Will be printed on test) 44

45. One Equation to Rule them All
(HR) (EDV-ESV) (R) = Δ P 14
(Will be printed on test) 45

46. Resistance: Vessel Diameter
Laminar Flow
Fourth power rule 15 46

47. Resistance: Vessel Diameter
Resistance low in conducting vessels
Resistance in small arteries changes quickly 15 47

48. Resistance: Turbulence
Rapid changes in vessel size
Protrusions 15 48

49. Resistance: Viscosity
Thickness of blood
Polycythemia
Anemia 15 49

50. Baroreceptors 15 Detect Pressure Aortic Reflex Carotid Sinus Reflex
Syncope 15

51. Short Term Neuronal Controls
Cardiac Inhibitory Center +
Cardiac Excitatory Center
Vasomotor Center
Cardiovascular Center 15

52. Vasomotor Tone
Vasomotor Fibers
Arterioles 15

53. Short Term Hormonal Controls
Norepinephrine and Epinephrine
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Angiotensin II 15

54. Norepinephrine and Epinephrine
Vasodilation skeletal and cardiac muscle
Vasoconstriction
other organs CO 15

55. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Myocardial cells of atria
Vasodilation
Decreases blood volume 15

56. Angiotensin II 15 Secreted by kidney if blood volume is low
Vasoconstriction
Increases Blood Volume 15

57. Long Term Control of Blood Pressure
Blood Volume changes CO!
More blood, more pressure
Less blood, less pressure
Renal 16

58. Direct Renal Mechanisms
Less blood 
More H2O returned to blood
More blood  Less H2O returned to blood 16

59. A Very Brief Overview of Kidney Function16

60. Renin/ Angiotensin II 16 Renin Angiotensin II Angiotensin I
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
Angiotensin II 16

61. Angiotensin II
Aldosterone increase Na reuptake 16

62. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
High Blood Pressure
Blocks Aldosterone
More Na and water leave as urine 16

63. Circulatory Shock
Low blood pressure caused by unfilled vessels or abnormal circulation
Hypovolemic Shock 16 63

64. Circulatory Shock
Vascular Shock
Anaphylactic
Shock
Septic 16 64

65. Hypotension 16 Low Blood Pressure Orthostatic Hypotension
Chronic Hypotension 16 65

66. Hypertension 16 High Blood Pressure (140/90)
Transient- exercise, fever, anger
~30% of 50+ year olds
“The Silent Killer” 16 66

67. Lung Anatomy
Apex
Base 17

68. Pleurae surround Each Lung
Parietal pleura
Pleural cavity
Visceral pleura 17

69. Pulmonary Ventilation
Inspiration
Expiration 17

70. Respiration Depends on Pressure and Flow
Change in volume
Change in pressure in lungs
Change in air flow 17

71. Quiet Inspiration Changes Lung Volume
Diaphragm
External intercostals 17
How does this lead to air flow into the lungs?

72. Muscle of Quiet Expiration
Diaphragm
External intercostals 17
How does this lead to air flow out of the lungs?

73. Muscles of Forced Inspiration
Diaphragm
External intercostals
Sternocleido-mastoid
Scalenes
Pec Minor 17
How does this lead to increased air flow into the lungs?

74. Muscles of Forced Expiration
Diaphragm
External intercostals
Internal intercostals
Abdominal muscles 17
How does this lead to increased air flow out of the lungs?

75. Know Tidal Volume, Inspiratory and Expiratory Reserve Volumes and Residual Volume17

76. Capacities (Adding Volumes)
Vital Capacity
Total Lung Capacity 17

77. 18 FVC and FEV Forced Vital Capacity Forced Expiratory Volume

78. FVC and FEV
Obstructive Disorders
Restrictive Disorders 18

79. Restrictive Disorders What would FVC and FEV look like?
Reduction in lung capacities
VLC, TLC, etc.
Decrease in compliance
“stretchiness”
What would FVC and FEV look like? 18 79

80. Structural Changes and Compliance
Fibrosis
Costal ossification
Weakness of inspirational muscles 18 80

81. Obstructive Disorders What would FVC and FEV look like?
Lung volume unchanged but air flow is restricted
Minute ventilation
What would FVC and FEV look like? 18 81