1. Prenatal Development
Chapter 4

2. Chapter Objectives List the methods of family planning.
Outline what occurs during each of the three stages of prenatal development
Contrast miscarriage and stillbirth.
Identify how ten major birth defects can be diagnosed.
Summarize the hazards that alcohol and other drugs pose to prenatal development.
Assess why environmental hazards must be avoided during pregnancy.
Describe how a fetus can be affected by certain illnesses the mother may contract.

3. Section 4.1 The Developing Baby

4. Main Idea
A man’s sperm fertilizes a woman’s egg to begin developing an infant.
Many contraception methods are available.

5. Vocabulary Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary Ovum Infertility
Uterus
Surrogate
Fallopian tube
Prenatal development
Sperm
Zygote
Conception
Embryo
Chromosome
Amniotic fluid
Gene
Placenta
Genome
Umbilical cord
DNA
Fetus
Controversial
Spontaneous

6. Conception
Woman have a 28 day cycle in which an ovum is released during ovulation.
Ovum – egg cell
Uterus – organ in a woman’s body in which a baby develops during pregnancy.
The ovary releases the ovum into fallopian tube – tube that connects the ovary to the uterus. The journey takes about two days.
The ovum is fertilized by the sperm –(male reproductive cell) in the fallopian tube.

7. Conception Conception – process of the sperm fertilizing the egg.
If the ovum is not fertilized then the uterus sheds it’s lining.

9. Role of Genetics
Chromosome – tiny threadlike structure in the nucleus of every cell.
Gene – unit that determines human’s inherited characteristics.
Genome – complete blueprint for the creation of a person.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) – complex molecules that make up genes.

10. Multiple Births Two types of twins Identical – one egg and one sperm
Fraternal – two eggs and two sperm

11. Infertility Infertility – inability to conceive a child.
40% are because of female infertility, 40% are because of male infertility, and 20% are either unexplained or because of both male and female infertility.
Surrogate – a substitute

12. Three Stages of Pregnancy
Prenatal Development – baby’s development during pregnancy
The Germinal Stage
The Embryonic State
The Fetal Stage

13. Germinal Stage
Zygote – fertilized egg. This stage lasts about two weeks
Cell division
Implantation

14. The Embryonic Stage
Embryo – is what the developing baby is called from about the third week of pregnancy through the eight week.
Organs and body systems
Amniotic sac – sac filled with liquid forms around the embryo
Placenta and umbilical cord
Placenta – tissue that connects the developing baby to the uterus
Umbilical cord – long tube that connects the baby to the placenta

16. The Fetal Stage
Fetus – around eight or ninth week of pregnancy to birth.
Making movements
Completing development
Staying active
Growing bigger
Ready for birth

17. Section 4.2 Problems in Prenatal Development

18. Main Idea Not all pregnancies end in the birth of a healthy infant.
Some end early with the unborn baby’s death.
Some babies are born with health problems.

19. Vocabulary Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary Miscarriage
Stillbirth
Ultrasound
Amniocentesis
Predisposition
Serious

20. Losing a Baby
Miscarriage – when the developing baby dies before the 20th week.
Stillbirth – when the baby dies after the 20th week.
About 15 to 20 percent of pregnancies end in miscarriage.

21. Types and Causes of Birth Defects
Factors in the environment
Hereditary factors
Errors in chromosomes
A combination of environmental and hereditary factors

22. Factors in the Environment
The nutritional balance of the mother’s diet
Any diseases or infections the mother has during pregnancy
Harmful substances the mother consumes
Some medicines that benefit the mother but harms the baby
Air pollution
Exposure to x-rays, high levels of radiation, and certain chemicals

23. Hereditary Causes
Every person has between 20,000 and 25,000 genes that determine their traits.
It is normal to get 5 or 6 imperfect genes passed on.
When we receive an imperfect gene from both parents then it is called a recessive inheritance and could cause a defect.
When we receive an imperfect gene from one parent and causes a defect then it is called a dominant inheritance.

24. Errors in Chromosomes
Birth defects are caused by problems in the number or structure of chromosomes.
May occur when an egg or sperm cell is developing.

25. Interaction of Heredity and Environment
Some birth defects are caused by a combination of heredity and environment.
Such as cleft lip or palate, and spina bifida.

26. Prevention and Diagnosis of Birth Defects
Genetic Counseling
May have birth defects in the family
Assess their risk of having a baby with birth defects
Prenatal Test
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) – blood test that tests for a protein that is released by the unborn baby’s liver that is released into the mother’s blood stream
Ultrasound – test that uses soundwaves to make a video image of an unborn baby
Amniocentesis – drawing a sample of amniotic fluid surrounding the unborn baby
Chorionic Villi Sampling – sample of tissue from the membrane that encases the fetus to test for specific birth defects

27. Section 4.3 Avoiding Dangers to the Baby

28. Main Idea A fetus needs to be protected from many dangers.
These include the mother drinking alcohol or taking other drugs, environmental hazards, diseases, and infections.

29. Vocabulary Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Fetal Alcohol Effects
SIDS
Toxoplasmosis
Deformity
Congenital

30. Effects of Alcohol and Other Drugs on Pregnancy
Alcohol, in any form
Prescription and over-the-counter medicines
Caffeine
Nicotine and other toxic chemicals found in cigarettes
Illegal drugs such as heroin, LSD, ecstasy, marijuana, and cocaine
Inhalants

31. Alcohol
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) – incurable condition found in some children of mothers who consumed alcohol during pregnancy.
Hyperactivity, kidney defects, facial deformity, as well as possible mental retardation, and problems with learning, attention, memory, and problem solving.
Fetal alcohol effects – are abnormalities caused by the mother consuming alcohol during pregnancy

32. Prescription Drugs and Over-the-Counter Drugs
Check with the doctor before taking any medication
Many drugs can harm the development of the unborn baby
Can cause slow growth, infections, or bleeding at birth

33. Caffeine Can increase fetal heart rate and movement
Can draw fluid and calcium out of the body
Cause increased risk of miscarriage, premature birth, and low birth weight

34. Tobacco
Can cause low birth weight, premature birth, respiratory infections and allergies

35. Illegal drugs
Babies may be born with an addiction if their mothers are addicted to drugs during pregnancy and will go through withdrawal once they are born.
Risk of miscarriage, stroke, heart attack, low birth weight, feeding difficulties, developmental delays
SIDS – Sudden infant death syndrome, unexpected death of a baby under one year of age with no clear cause.

36. Environmental hazards
X-rays
Hazardous substances
Paint
Pesticides
Lead
Carbon monoxide
Mercury
Solvents, paint thinners, formaldehyde

37. Diseases and Infections
Rubella
Toxoplasmosis – infection caused by a parasite
Chicken pox
Sexually transmitted infections