1. Unit 4: Engineering Design
Dr. Hatem Elaydi
Engineering Technical English
Islamic University of Gaza
March 9, 2016

2. Unit 4 Outlines: Working with Drawings
Discussing Dimensions and Precision
Describing Design Phases and Procedures
Resolving Design Problems
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305

3. What is meant by design?
Design = the collective word for all the information that’s given in order to produce or build something)
Drawing = a type of picture that has been drawn in order to present design information.
In engineering, most designs consist of a set of several drawings.
Design is also used in an artistic sense, for example fashion design and interior design.
In engineering, the term has a technical meaning, for example design engineer, design calculations, design team, design phase, design fault.
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305

4. I. Working with Drawings
Language note
You will find the following vocabulary useful in this section.
drawing, cross-section / section, elevation, exploded view, note, plan, schematic, specification dimension, scale, to scale (drawn to a scale), scale off (measure from), full-scale, (one) to (five)
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305

5. Q 2a.
4.1 Joe, a technician at a shipyard, is talking to Linda, one of his engineering colleagues in the design office. He is asking about some information which he can't find on any of the drawings. Listen to the conversation and answer the following questions.
What area of the ship are they discussing?
What does the technician need to know?
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305

6. Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305
4.1
Joe: I have a question about the panels on Staircase 3. You know those glass panels around the opening, through Deck C? Linda: Um, yes. I know where you mean, yeah. Joe: Well, I've been looking for a cross-section through the deck, at the stair opening. But I can't find one anywhere. Linda: Isn't there a note on the general arrangement drawing, with a reference to a section on another drawing? Joe: I couldn't find one. Linda: I've got the deck plans out, somewhere on here. What's this? Air conditioning schematic, that's no good. Ah here we are. Deck plan. Um, no, you're right. There's no section mentioned.
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305

7. Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305
Joe: I mean. in actual fact. what I need is an elevation, showing all the panels from the front. I thought that might be referenced on the main section through the stairs. Linda: There is a full set of drawings for all the internal panelling, with details showing exploded view so f all the fixing details, and sections through the panel joints. Do you have those? Joe: Not as far as I know. Linda: And there's a written specification for the panels, as part of the main spec. That might specify the sizes. Joe: Those are obviously what I need, then. I want to see how many there are, and what size they are. Have those drawings been issued
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305

8. Q2a Answers Part of a staircase (Staircase 3, Deck C)
What area of the ship are they discussing?
What does the technician need to know?
Answers
Part of a staircase (Staircase 3, Deck C)
The number of panels, and their size
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305

9. Q2b: Complete the following definitions using the types of drawing in the box.
cross-section, elevation, exploded view, note, plan, schematic, specification
A plan gives a view of the whole deck, from above.
_____ gives a view of all the panels, from the front.
_____ gives a deconstructed view of how the panels are fixed together.
_____ gives a cutaway view of the joint between two panels.
_____ gives a simplified representation of a network of air ducts.
_____ gives a brief description or a reference to another related drawing.
_____ gives detailed written technical descriptions of the panels.
Answers
2 elevation
3 exploded view
4 cross-section
5 schematic
6 note
7 specification
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305

10. I. Working with Drawings
2c. Which two types of drawing in Exercise 2b are examples of general arrangement drawings, and which two are examples of detail drawings?
Answers
general arrangement: plan, elevation
detail: exploded view, cross-section
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305

11. Language note
general arrangement drawing = shows the layout of a whole assembly or structure, but does not give details of smaller individual components
detail drawing = shows one or more smaller components in detail Usually, general arrangement drawings have notes on them which give references to related detail drawings. For every general arrangement drawing, there are usually several related detail drawings.
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305

12. Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305
Working drawing
Sketch
Exploded view
Design brief
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305

13. Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305
Cross section
Schematic
Specification
Uneven
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305

14. I. Working with Drawings
3a. What is meant by scale on a drawing? ln pairs, explain how a scale rule, like the one shown in the picture, is used.
Answers
The scale is the ratio between the size of items shown on a drawing, and their actual size (in reality). A scale rule has several scales, allowing dimensions to be measured on a drawing, to determine the actual size
Do 3b, and 3c
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305

15. II. Discussing Dimensions and Precision
6a. Discuss what is meant by precision and accuracy
Answers
The words mean how exact something is, for example how closely the sizes of manufactured items match their designed size.
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305

16. II. Discussing Dimensions and Precision
You are engineers on a project to design the metal handrail that will run around the perimeter of the top, outdoor deck of a large cruise ship. In groups, discuss what drawings you will need to produce for manufacturing and installation with regard to the following issues:
The types of view that will be required and what each one will show.
The approximate scale of different drawings and views.
What written information you will need to provide in the specification.
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305

17. Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305
Superflat floor: FAO
What is a superflat floor?
Compacting and finishing the surface of wet concrete is an inherently imprecise process. For an ordinary concrete slab to be laid within tolerance, engineers can only realistically expect the surface to be finished to plus or minus 5 mm. By contrast, superflat concrete floor are finished to meet extremely close tolerances, being accurate to within 1 mm across their upper surface.
Where are superflat floors used?
Floor surfaces with extremely tight tolerances are frequently specified in warehouses where Automated Guided Vehicle s operate. Uneven floors are especially problematic in high bay warehouses, which use automated forklifts with a vertical reach of 30 meters o more. At such a height, slight variations in floor level are amplified in the form of vertical tilt, causing inaccurate maneuvering at a high level. If these variations outside tolerance they can lead to collisions with racking elements, or causing items to be dropped from pallets.
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305

18. Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305
6b. Read the technical advice web page and answer the following questions.
1. How is a superflat floor different from an ordinary concrete floor?
2. What accuracy can be achieved with ordinary slabs, and with superflat slabs?
3. What problem is described in high bay warehouses
Answers
1 A super flat floor has a much flatter surface. It’s finished more precisely than an ordinary concrete floor.
2 Ordinary slabs can be flat to ±5mm. Super flat slabs can be flat to within 1mm.
3 Slight variations in floor level can cause forklifts to tilt, causing the forks to hit racks or drop items.
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305

19. II. Discussing Dimensions and Precision
6c. Discuss what is meant by tolerance in the context of dimensions and precision.
Tolerance is the acceptable difference between ideal designed size and actual size. In machining and assembly processes, it is impossible to achieve entirely precise sizes. A degree of tolerance is always required.
6d. Complete the following expressions from the web page which are used to describe tolerances.
I tolerance (inside the limits of a given tolerance)
or mm (+/-5mm)
tolerance (close tolerance)
tolerance (not inside the limits of tolerance)
Answers
1 within
2 plus;/minus
3 tight
4 outside
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305

20. 6e. Complete the following sentences using the expressions in Exercise 6d.
1 The frame's too big for the opening. The opening's the right size, so the frame must be The total tolerance is 1 mm. The permissible variation either side of the ideal is The engineer specified + / - 5mm for the slab finish, and we got it to +1/-2 mm. So it's well You can't finish concrete to + / mm. There's no way you can work to such a------
Answers
1 outside tolerance within tolerance
2 ± 0.5 mm tight tolerance
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305

21. Mei, a structural engineer, is talking to Lewis, a project manager, about the floor specification for a manufacturing plant that is currently at design stage. Listen to the conversation and answer the following questions.
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305

22. Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305
What has the client requested with regard to the floor slab?
What are free movement floors and defined movement floors?
What issue does the engineer discuss regarding quality?
What option is discussed involving grinding?
What can be done to the reinforcement to permit grinding?
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305

23. Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305

24. II. Discussing Dimensions and Precision
Do 7a, and 7b 7c. Mei has done a revised drawing for the floor slab. Read the extract from her about the new design and complete the message using the correct form of the words in Exercise 7b.
Answers
2 width
3 length
4 depth
5 thickness
6 height
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305

25. Types of drawing required: a plan showing the perimeter of the handrail (possible scale 1:100); an elevation of a short length of the handrail (possible scale 1:10); a section of the handrail (possible scale 1:10); details showing key connections, such as those between handrail posts and deck, and top rail and posts (possible scale-actual size). Specification type of steel, types of welded joint, types of bolt, type and color of paint/coating other materials such as Plastic surround to top rail
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305

26. III. Describing Design Phases and Procedures
Language note You will find the following vocabulary useful in this section. design brief, preliminary drawing, working drawing, (rough) sketch amend, amendment, approve, approval, circulate, comment on, issue, resolve, revise, revision, specify, supersede
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305

27. III. Describing Design Phases and Procedures
9. Discuss what is meant by a design process. In engineering, what are the stages in the development of designs?
Answers
A design process is the development of a design. A typical design starts with a design brief, which states the design objectives. Initial ideas are then put together as rough sketches. These are then developed into preliminary drawings, which are more detailed and are often drawn to scale. The preliminary drawings are then developed, incorporating comments from different members of the design team, consultants and the client. Once the design has been sufficiently developed, working drawings are produced. These are then used for manufacturing/assembly/construction. Frequently, working drawings are revised (changed) during this latter phase, in order to resolve technical problems encountered during manufacturing/assembly/construction.
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305

28. III. Describing Design Phases and Procedures
The following extracts from s relate to a project to build an indoor ski complex in Australia, using artificial snow. The messages were circulated by an engineer to members of the design team, and to a specialist contractor. Read the s and answer the following questions. Note that the s are not in the correct order. 1 What are all the s about? 2 What different types of document are mentioned?
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305

29. III. Describing Design Phases and Procedures
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305

30. III. Describing Design Phases and Procedures
Answers
1 design information (at different stages of the design process)
2 sketches, design brief, revised/amended drawing, superseded drawing, preliminary drawing, working drawing, summary/notes
10b. Put the s in the correct sequence
1……… 2……… 3……… 4……… ………
Answers
1 b d c a e
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305

31. III. Describing Design Phases and Procedures
10c. Complete the following definitions using the types of drawing in the box
Design brief preliminary drawing sketch working drawing
Answers
1 sketch
2 design brief
3 working drawing
4 preliminary drawing
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305

32. IV. Resolving Design Problems
Language note You will find the following vocabulary useful in this section. advise, clarify, confirm, disregard, indicate, propose, request, state, work to alternative, as per, clash, conflict, contradict, discrepancy
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305

33. IV. Resolving Design Problems
13c. Complete the following pairs of sentences using the verbs in the box.
Advise clarify clash propose request
Answers
1 clash
2 request
3 propose
4 advise
5 clarify
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305

34. IV. Resolving Design Problems
14b. Chen, a technician, is explaining the problem in Exercise 14ato Ron, an engineer. Complete the conversation using the words in the box.
alternative as per clarify clash confirm contradicts discrepancy propose
Answers
2 clarify
3 contradicts
4 clash
5 propose
6 alternative
7 as per
8 confirm
Dr. Hatem Elaydi, IUG, Spring 2016, ENGG 1305