1. Mosques Summary Source 2 Page 43 Three main styles of mosques:
600 to 1000 AD: large enclosed areas with flat- roof over worship area and open courtyard, built mostly in Western Islamic Empire (Spain to Central Asia)
1000+ AD: Mosques with balconies on 2 or more sides of unroofed courtyard, built from Egypt to Turkey and East to India/ Pakistan
During Ottoman Empire (~1400s): in Balkans to Saudi Arabia, Dome covered center prayer area and courtyard
Generally, most have domes to signify importance and minarets to call prayer times
Minaret styles varied with emperors: especially with Ottoman Turks (mid 1400s- early 1900s), which usually are tapered shafts

2. Islamic Styles: Domes Summary
Source 2
Page 43
Vary according to ethnicities, national identities, etc.
Mamluk-style: Egyptian dynasty (13002 and 1400s), very common in Egypt, high sides, pointed top, patterned surfaces, orig. made of stone, reinforced concrete, many U.S. mosques have this
-Shows Egypt= major learning center of Islam
Eastern Uzbekistan: Timurid Dynasty (began in 1300), high sides, rounded top a little wider than the sides, glazed tile surface, ex. Taj Mahal (in Agra, India) built in 1600s

3. Famous Architects Paraphrase
Source 2
Page 43
Minor Koca- Sinan
may have been one of the greatest Ottoman architects
he built or managed more than 300 structures in Istanbul.
career lasted for 50 years
built mosques, schools, hospitals and the domed Selimye Mosque at Edirne, in western Turkey.

4. Islamic Style: Houses Paraphrase
Source 2
Page 44
Traditional homes of Islamic style were generally separated into public and private areas
Also individual areas for men and women.
public areas used by men and the private areas for women and children
Larger houses had different entrances for men and women
smaller houses used curtains to split the homes.
Sometimes, men and women would use the same area at different times.

5. Islamic Style: Commercial Buildings Summary
Source 2
Page 44
Types: storage, lodging and market places
Caravansaries: usu. 2-stories high, used as temporary lodging for merchants, goods and animals
Covered marketplaces: had shops with expensive goods/luxuries, had official entrance that could close and lock for security at night
Many Arab cities still have covered markets next to modern-day shopping areas

6. Islamic Style: Bathhouses Paraphrase
Source 2
Page 44
Before the 1900s, bathhouses had changing rooms, steam rooms and chambers with hot and warm water
built outside mosques
Men and women both used these facilities at different times to cleanse themselves before prayers
Steam rooms let steam in through holes in the wall, covered by domes with small windows

7. Islamic Style: Grave Markers Summary
Source 2
Page 44
Early as mid-600s: tombstones became common in Egypt and then throughout Islamic world
700s, masonry screens;1200s,screens were made of wood; now, screens are ornate and metal
Mausoleum- most elaborate grave marker, small building- like structures, domed, alone in cemetery out of city or in a mosque and/ or a city
Materials used: mud bricks to marble, depending of wealth and importance of dead
Mausoleum’s dome and inner chambers depend on the time it was built and the place it was built

8. Islamic Style: Gardens Summary
Source 2
Page 46
Gardens admired by many since 1400s
Courtyard gardens, plants with walkways, parks, hunting preserves
Usage of water is a major element; used pools to reflect nearby structures (towers, pavilions), also in narrow channels along walkways, connecting pools
2 layouts: linear from Rome, rectangular with 2 parallel gardens on either side and cross-axial layout from ancient Persia, rect. plot with perpendicular walkways in 4 directions, intersecting at center
East areas used linear style more, western uses cross- axial more
Modern cities have little space for these now

9. Background Summary Source 4
Style of mosques (in Jerusalem, Mecca, Tripoli, Cairo, Damascus, Constantinople) influenced ribbed vaults in Europe
Usage of cube transitional supports for domes used in cathedrals and palaces of 11th and 12th century Palermo
Arabic styles/ components (arabesque, calligraphy, colorful artistry) on Alhambra (Spain) and the Mosque of Cordoba are also on medieval religious buildings of Europe
Arabic influence usually seen in Western Romance countries, but can also be seen towards east: dome of mosque of Bibi Khanum (Samarkand), tomb or Shah-I-Zinda (the Living Prince), very prevalent in Russian architecture

10. Background Summary Source 4
Used to glorify Islam, because mostly built mosques and mausoleums
Borrowed arch from Romans and developed it differently, ex. Great Mosque of Damascus (early 8th century)
Mosque of Ibn Tulun (Cairo) has pointed arches, inspired many European cathedrals
Other Arab styles (cusp, tefoil, ogee arches) influenced Tudor arches (ex. Cathedral of Wells: England and Cathedral of Chartes: France)
Minarets inspired Greek lighthouse, which later became the European Campanile (ex. San Marcos Square, Venice)

11. Mosques Quote
Source 5
“ In Iran a mosque plan consisting of four eyvans (vaulted halls) opening onto a central court was used. These brick- built mosques also incorporated domes and decorated squinches across the corners of the room. Persian architectural features spread to India, where they are found in the Taj Mahal and Mughal palaces.”

12. Mosques Summary Source 5 Where architecture is shown greatly
Religious early structures (Dome of Rock [169 AD] and Great Mosque of Damascus [705 AD]) used Christian- like structures: domes, columnar arches, mosques
Religious structures also had courts for prayers and mihrabs (prayer niches), used semi- circular/ horseshoe arches and decorations that did not represent anything
Hypostyle mosque(Iraq and Egypt)= religious architecture separated more from general architecture, ex. Alhambra
Ottoman Architecture shown in Selimiye Mosque (1575: Edirne, Tur.)

13. Famous Buildings Summary
Source 6
Page 128
Great Mosque of Cordova built by Umayyad caliphate in Spain
190 by 140 meter rectangle
One third is courtyard with orange trees + 3 sides of mostly restored portico, 4th side has long hall with 17 naves on 16 arcades
Arcades run south-west-north-east org. thought to be towards Mecca
Naves- 32 bays deep, 7 meters wide, except for 6th in SW which is 8 meters wide
Hall had Gothic cathedral; other areas also have cathedrals and chapels
Buttressed outer walls with 11 ornamented doors

14. Famous Buildings Summary
Source 6
Page 129
Great Mosque of Cordova can be split into 4 periods
1st mosque, built probably on top of Christian church
-had 9 or 11 twelve-bay naves, central one larger than others, at right angles to qibla wall
1st addition (833-52) : hall widened by 2 naves, lengthening by 8 bays- Abd al-Rahman II
2nd expansion (961-76): by al-Hakam II see next note card
3rd expansion (987): al- Mansur, minister of caliph Hisham widened by 8 naves towards north-east, purposely using older construction style to create traditional width to length ratio, but also ruined axial symmetry
Later in 9th and 10th centuries, Umayyad princes made additions of less importance

15. Famous Architects Quote
Source 6
Page 129
(Great Mosque of Cordova) “The second expansion, the most remarkable of all, is attributed to al- Hakam II (961-76). He lengthened the mosque by another twelve bays, and on the axis provided by the central nave of the first building erected a spectacular group [110] beginning with the dome (the present Villa- viciosa Chapel) and ending with three more domes in front of a richly decorated mihrab [111] in the shape of a circular room. The area in front of the mihrab was separated fro the rest of the mosque, constituting a maqsura.”

16. Famous Buildings Summary
Source 6
Page 132
Great Mosque of Cordova:
Reused many ideas from pre-Islamic architecture
-Similar to other hypostyle
But also had many innovations to make it into monument of medieval times
Added arches, height, domes, triangle areas btwn. Ribs supporting domes, made existing and added features more complex
Mihrab is very unique shape, origin unknown, offers unique blend of architecture and art, very ornate and different styles in one building

17. Famous Architects Summary
Source 9
Mimar Koca Sinan ‘“Great Architect Sinan’”:
Born 1489 in Anatolia, Turkey; grew up and lived during Ottoman Empire, died in Istanbul, Turkey in 1588
1st served under Selim II; exposed to architecture of Iraq, Corfu, Baghdad, Belgrad and used this w/Byzantium-influenced Istanbul
Chief architect of palace for Ottoman Empire for 50 yrs.
Took traditional architecture and developed them into unique concepts, known for experimenting with structure
Maintained and improved Istanbul's water supply
Built many arched aqueducts, ex. Maglova Arch over Alibey River, 257 m. long, 35 m. high, 2 layers or arches
Added to Hagia Sophia and Topkapi
Trained architects, including Davut Aga, Dalgiv Ahmet and Mehmet Aga; later went on to build New Mosque, mausoleum of Murad II and Sultan Ahmat Mosque

18. Famous Architects Summary
Source 9
Mimar Sinan:
Also known for mausoleum of Şehzade Mehmed ( known for exterior decorations, sliced dome), mausoleum of Rüstem Paşa (classical style), mausoleum of Süleyman the magnificient (experiment of octagonal body, flat dome), Selim II’s mausoleum (great example of Turkish architecture)
Sinan’s mausoleum is very plain structure though
Bridges combined art w/ usefulness, ex. ~635 meter long Büyükcekmece Bridge, Ailvri bridge, Lüleburgaz (Sokullu Mehmet Pasha) Bridge over Lüleburgaz River , Sinali Bridge over Ergen River, Drina Bridge
Work shown in mosques of Shezade (apprentice), Süleymaniye (trainee master) and Selimiye (master craftsman)
Shezade=first grand mosque built
Mihiram Sultan Mosque (aka Üsküdar Quay Mosque): built in same yr.
At age 70: finished Süleymaniye Mosque and its complex, built in name of Süleyman the Magnificent, very important
Selimiye Mosque = his greatest mosque and architectural feat , built at age 80

19. Famous Architects Quote
Source 9
“ Sinan absorbed existing architectural values and interpreted them in truly unique forms. He is usually associated with structural experiment, and certainly took the domed form to its logical conclusion. But unlike his European contemporary Palladio, this architect was not to give his name to a style. There is no need as his work is totally identified with the structural and ornamental clarity of the period.”

20. Famous Architects Quote
Source 9
“Various sources state that Sinan was the architect of around 360 structures which included 84 mosques, 51 small mosques ("mescit"), 57 schools of theology ("medrese") 7 schools for Koran reciters ("darülkurra"), 22 mausoleums ("türbe"), 17 Alm Houses ("imaret"), 3 hospitals ("darüşşifa"), 7 aquaducts and arches, 48 inns ("Caravansary"), 35 palaces and mansions, 8 vaults and 46 baths. Of this diverse group of works, his mosques have been most influential and represent the archetypal image of Turkish Ottoman architecture. He often designed his mosques as part of a complex comprising schools, baths, guesthouses and hospitals”

21. Famous Buildings Summary
Source 9
Mihraiman Sultan Mosque- had orig. design of main dome supported by 3 half domes
Süleyman Mosque- built in name of Süleyman the Magnificient, on one of Isatnbul’s hills facing Golden Hotn, very important monument, dome 31 meters wider than Selimiye Mosque
Selimiye Mosque- great architecture and artistry in design, architecture, decorations, land stone workmanship
Other Famous Buildings by Sinan: Büyükcekmece Bridge, Ailvri bridge, Lüleburgaz (Sokullu Mehmet Pasha) Bridge over Lüleburgaz River , Sinali Bridge over Ergen River, Drina Bridge, mausoleum of Şehzade Mehmed mausoleum of Rüstem Paşa ,mausoleum of Süleyman the magnificient , Selim II’s mausoleum, Maglova Arch over Alibey River and additions to the Hagia Sophia and the Topkapi

22. Bibliography (For these note-cards only)
"Arab Contributions to Civilization." American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct < Esposito, John L., Abdulaziz Sachedina, Tamara Sonn, and John O. Voll, eds. The Islamic World: Past and Present. Vol. 1. New York: Oxford UP, Print. Ettinghausen, Richard, and Oleg Grabar. The Art and Architecture of Islam: N.p.: Yale UP, Print. "Islamic Architecture." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Ed. Kathleen Kuiper and Gloria Lotha. Trans. Grace Young. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 27 Oct < "Mimar Sinan." Mimar Sinan. Bilkent University: Bilsen, n.d. Web. 02 Nov <