1. Fuel Properties and Vehicle Performance
Vehicle Fuel Quality Workshop
Petron Mega Plaza Makati City, Metro Manila, Aug. 22, 2006
Yasunori TAKEI
Fuel & Lubricant committee
Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

2. Automobiles and the Environment
Global Environment
Urban Environment
Clean Fuels
Emissions
VOC,NOx,PM
CO2
Alternative Fuels
Recycle
Energy Security
Economy
Safety
Convenience
Bio Fuels
Quality Fuels

3. Gasoline Systems and Gasoline Quality

4. Trends of Emission and Fuel Regulation
In Asia

5. Current Level of Technology Gasoline Engines
NOx
Cold
emission
Hot
Technologies HC
Upstream Located Catalyst
Cascade Catalyst
HC Adsorption Catalyst
Double Wall Exh. Manifold
VVT
Transient A/F Control
Reduced Crevice Volume
Improved Catalyst (High Cell Density etc.)
Swirl Enhanced
Increase Cat. Size,Pt-Loading
NOx Catalyst Improvement
Electronic Control EGR X

6. Emission Control Level and counter-measures on Gasoline Passenger Cars
Euro1
Euro2
Euro3 HC
NOx CO 1 2 3
0.5
1.0 EM
TWC(13R)
1O2S
TYPICAL SYSTEM
g/km
S/C(7R)
TWC(9R)
OBD
2O2S
S<50 ppm
S<150 ppm
S<500 ppm
Euro4

7. Technology Trend for Low Emission
Key is to maximize the catalyst performance.
Minute air fuel ratio (A/F) control
- Intelligent A/F management (high performance ECU etc.)
- improving atomization of injected fuel (multi hole injector etc.)
- Feedback systems (A/F sensor, 2O2 sensors system etc.)
Quick warm-up of catalyst
- Small size warm-up catalyst
- Insulated exhaust manifold
- Sophisticated engine control (Ignition timing, A/F control etc.)
3. Improving catalyst performance itself
　- High cell density catalyst
　 - High loading of precious metals

8. CVS-cont Chart JAPAN 11mode
Emission Chart of J-ULEV
CVS-cont Chart JAPAN 11mode

9. Fuel Quality for Low Emissions
Fuel quality to maximize the catalyst performance;
For air fuel ratio control
Distillation properties
Detergent (preventing deposits)
For quicker warm up of catalyst
Lowering sulfur
Metal Free
For keeping higher conversion efficiency

10. Effects of Sulfur in Gasoline on
Exhaust Emissions
150
LEV1-LEV
LEV2 ULEV
SULEV
LEV1-LEV
LEV2 ULEV
SULEV
150
SULEV
100
100
SULEV
Relative THC
Relative NOx 50 50
LEV,ULEV
LEV,ULEV
-50
-50
100
200
300
400
500
600
100
200
300
400
500
600
Sulfur　(ppmw)
Sulfur　(ppmw)
SULEV : Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle, ULEV : Ultra Low Emission Vehicle, LEV : Low Emission Vehicle
SAE

11. Effects of increasing Cell Density of Catalyst on Emission Reduction
Catalyst Capacity
: 0.9L
Aging Condition
: 50k-mile equivalent
quick aged on engine dyno.
0.3
0.2
1mil=25um
2 (or 4) mil is Thickness
Density is number of
cell per 1 inch2
Cold Bag NMHC, g/mile
0.1
4mil
400cpsi*1)
2mil
600cpsi
2mil
800cpsi
2mil
900cpsi
(current)
Cell Density
SAE (Re-arrange)
*1) Estimation from the figure in the paper

12. Effects of Metal (Mn) on Ex. Emissions
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
Miles
NMOG - g/mi
Reference LDV 100K Std
0.05
0.15
0.20
NOx - g/mi
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
CO - g/mi 20 21 22 23 24 25
mpg
Clear
MMT
Alliance of Automobile Manufactures (2002)

13. Impact of Metal (Mn) Impact of MMT on Tier 1/LEV Parts at 50,000 miles
w/ MMT
w/o MMT
Catalysts from the Market
Canada
South Africa
World Wide Fuel Charter 4th Edition (2006)、the 2002 AAM, AIAM, CVMA automaker study (6 years, US $8 million), OEM data

14. Impact of Metal (Fe)
OEM Data

15. (*IVD=Intake Valve Deposit)
Effects of IVD on Emissions
(*IVD=Intake Valve Deposit)
149 HC
100
100 50 CO
101
100
100
Relative Exhaust Emissions 50
127
NOx
100
100 50
Removal of
Rating '6'
Rating '9 - 10'
IVD
(dirty)
(Clean)
OEM data

16. Diesel Systems and Diesel Fuel Quality

17. Trends of Emission and Fuel Regulation
In Asia

18. Emission Control Level and counter-measures on Diesel Passenger Cars
Euro1
Euro2
Euro3
Euro4 HC
NOx CO 1 2 3
0.5
1.0 PM
0.05
0.10
0.15
TYPICAL SYSTEM VE
EGR OC EM CR
g/km
S<50 ppm
S<350 ppm
S<500 ppm

19. Diesel Emission Control Technologies

20. Fuel Quality for Low Emissions
Fuel quality to reduce emissions and protect systems
For catalyst and EGR
Lowering sulfur
For reducing engine-out emissions
Increasing Cetane Lowering aromatics and T90
For CR-DI systems
Metal Free Keep Lubricity Less impurities (Good house keeping)

21. Sulfur Effects on PM from CR-DPF
System
0.6
Japanese D13 Mode
0.5
SOF Sulfate Fry Soot + H2O
0.4
PM , g/km
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Test Fuel
D500
D100
D50
DK50
K50
K10
(Sulfur, ppm)
(500)
(100)
(50)
(50)
(50)
(10)
JCAP data, 2002

22. Calcium Additive Effects on Injector Deposits
Metals in Diesel
Calcium Additive Effects on Injector Deposits
With deposit
Cleanup 10 20 30
Black Smoke (%)
Free Acceleration
Idling

23. Worldwide Fuel Charter4
Lean NOx Technologies
Sulfur Free Fuels
Markets with advanced requirements for emissions control 3
Quality upgrades
Markets with stringent requirements for emissions control 2
Markets with no or minimal requirements for emissions control 1
Proposed 4th Edition

24. Conclusions Quality fuels are necessary to achieve lower emission.
Key properties for gasoline
Sulfur, Metal Free, Distillation Properties, Detergency
Key properties for diesel fuel
Sulfur, Metal Free, Lubricity, Impurities, Cetane, T90
For bio fuels, adequate specification and quality control in the market is necessary.
Fuel monitoring system and good house keeping are also important to keep the quality at the pump.
WWFC 4th edition is coming soon. JAMA strongly recommends WWFC.