1. -Deviance and Crime-

2. Deviance – Behavior that violates social norms
Crime – Deviant behavior that breaks a law

3. Deviance Deviance is decided by two things: 1. Extent of disapproval
1. Extent of disapproval
2. Degree of Societal Outrage

4. Deviance
Social Controls – Techniques and strategies for punishing wrongdoing and rewarding appropriate behavior
There are two main types of social controls:
1. Internal social controls – exist within the individual
2. External social controls – go into effect when internal social controls don’t work

5. Deviance Positive social functions of deviance:
It can promote unity – facing a common threat
It can relieve tension – an expression of discontent
It can clarify norms – defining deviance encourages norms
It can identify problems – changing outdated norms can be positive

6. Deviance Negative social functions of deviance:
It disrupts norms – people can feel threatened and respond in anger
It makes life unpredictable – norms help assure citizens that life is predictable

7. Ways of Explaining Deviance
Biological Explanations – scientists have had a difficult time finding substantial proof of a biological link to deviance

8. Ways of Explaining Deviance
Psychological Explanations – some types of personality are more often associated with deviant behavior
Freud’s Explanation – criminal behavior may indicate an under-developed superego
Frustration-Aggression Theory – deviance is a form of aggression toward others and society

9. Ways of Explaining Deviance
Sociological Explanations – explain why rates of deviance vary from country to country, or group to group
Functionalist Perspective – deals with people’s ability to reach the goals set by their society
Conflict Perspective – deviance is the result of competition and social inequality

10. Ways of Explaining Deviance
Interactionist Perspective – Emphasized in two theories:
1. Cultural Transmission Theory – deviance is learned through interaction with others
2. Labeling Theory – deviance is what we call it. Labeling someone a deviant increases the rate of deviance (social control)

11. Crime
Crime – deviant behavior that is prohibited by law and is punishable by the Government

12. Crime The F.B.I. tabulates data for seven index crimes:
1. Murder Burglary
2. Rape Larceny theft
3. Robbery Motor vehicle theft
4. Assault
The first four are violent crimes.
The last three are property crimes

13. Crime
Violent Crimes – make up a small percentage of all crimes, but are considered a great threat to society
Crimes against Property – ten times more common than crimes of violence

14. Crime
Organized Crime – made up of networks of large-scale, professional, criminal syndicates
White-Collar Crime – crime committed by a person of high social status in the course of their professional life
Victimless Crime – the only victims are the participants themselves
Ie. Gambling, prostitution, drug possession and sale

15. The Criminal Justice System
The U.S. criminal justice system has the responsibility of protecting society from dangerous crime. This function is performed in four steps:
1. Apprehending suspected offenders
2. Determining their innocence or guilt
3. Deciding their punishment
4. Keeping the guilty separated from other citizens

16. The Criminal Justice System
There are three major elements of the criminal justice system:
1. Police – make decisions about whom to arrest, who is merely warned, and who will not be pursued
2. Courts – determine a person’s guilt or innocence and assign some form of punishment
3. The Correctional System – carryout punishment of a guilty person

17. The Criminal Justice System
Corrections serve four major functions in society:
1. Retribution – a way for society to “get even” with a criminal
2. Deterrence – discourage offenders from committing crimes again
and provide a warning to others
3. Rehabilitation – reforming criminals so that they may return to society
4. Social Protection – criminals cannot commit additional crimes
while in prison