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TOPICS COVERED The Cell Cycle Mitosis – A Detailed Look
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THE CELL CYCLE Cell Cycle:
This represents the ________ that occur between one __________ and the ____ cell division in a cell’s life. processes cell division next This involves _____ main stages and can be represented in a pie chart: three The size of each pie slice roughly represents how much ____ a cell stays in each part of the cell cycle, but there are great variations depending on the type of cell. 1) Interphase 2) Mitosis 3) Cytokinesis cytokinesis time mitosis interphase
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THE CELL CYCLE G1 INTERPHASE:
The cell spends most of its life here performing its _________________ specialized functions and then ________ for cell division when the time comes. prepares Interphase is broken down into _____ stages: three mitosis cytokinesis interphase 1) G1 Phase (Gap1): The cell _____ after division to reach full size (it may double in size). grows G1
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THE CELL CYCLE G1 INTERPHASE:
The cell spends most of its life here performing its _________________ specialized functions and then ________ for cell division when the time comes. prepares Interphase is broken down into _____ stages: three mitosis cytokinesis interphase 1) G1 Phase (Gap1): The cell _____ after division to reach full size (it may double in size). grows G1 The cell performs its specialized _______ depending on what type of cell it is. function bone cell neuron (brain cell) skeletal muscle cell white blood cell heart muscle cell
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THE CELL CYCLE G1 INTERPHASE:
The cell spends most of its life here performing its _________________ specialized functions and then ________ for cell division when the time comes. prepares Interphase is broken down into _____ stages: three 1) G1 Phase (Gap1): cytokinesis This is the ______ part of the cell cycle for most cells longest except for fast dividing _________ cells and _____ cells. G1 mitosis embryonic cancer interphase There are some cells that speed through G1 very quickly and don’t spend much time, if any, performing specialized functions before they divide again. Can you guess what type of cells these would be? QUICK TASK #3
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THE CELL CYCLE G1 INTERPHASE:
The cell spends most of its life here performing its _________________ specialized functions and then ________ for cell division when the time comes. prepares Interphase is broken down into _____ stages: three 1) G1 Phase (Gap1): cytokinesis Once organisms reach adulthood, some of their cells will __________ again. never divide G1 mitosis These cells stop progressing through the cell cycle and go into _________________ where they will simply continue to perform their functions until they die. interphase G0 Phase (Gap Zero) neuron (brain cell) heart muscle cell skeletal muscle cell
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THE CELL CYCLE G1 S INTERPHASE:
The cell spends most of its life here performing its _________________ specialized functions and then ________ for cell division when the time comes. prepares Interphase is broken down into _____ stages: three 2) S Phase (Synthesis): cytokinesis The DNA is _________ creating ___ _______ copies of each chromosome. replicated two identical G1 mitosis As well, the ___________ also _________ to create ____ pairs. centriole pair interphase duplicates two S 1 set of chromosomes 1 centriole pair 2 centriole pairs 2 sets of chromosomes
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THE CELL CYCLE G1 G2 S INTERPHASE:
The cell spends most of its life here performing its _________________ specialized functions and then ________ for cell division when the time comes. prepares Interphase is broken down into _____ stages: three 3) G2 Phase (Gap2): cytokinesis The cell ________ for mitosis by undergoing rapid _______ of its cytoplasm. prepares growth G1 mitosis interphase The cell increases the synthesis of the _______ needed to make the ____________ used in mitosis. proteins G2 S spindle fibers The DNA is checked for replication ______ that may have occurred during DNA replication in S Phase. What occurs if replication errors are left undetected and unfixed before mitosis? QUICK TASK #4 errors Mutations!
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THE CELL CYCLE G1 G2 S INTERPHASE:
The cell spends most of its life here performing its _________________ specialized functions and then ________ for cell division when the time comes. prepares Interphase is broken down into _____ stages: three 3) G2 Phase (Gap2): cytokinesis The cell ________ for mitosis by undergoing rapid _______ of its cytoplasm. prepares growth G1 mitosis interphase The cell increases the synthesis of the _______ needed to make the ____________ used in mitosis. proteins G2 S spindle fibers The DNA is checked for replication ______ that may have occurred during DNA replication in S Phase. errors This prevents _________ (changes in the DNA code) from being passed to daughter cells. mutations
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THE CELL CYCLE G1 S G2 correct sorting MITOSIS:
This process _____ and ______ the duplicated chromosomes into two ________ sets of DNA so that each daughter cell gets one set. sorts divides identical parent cell cytokinesis G1 S interphase G2 mitosis Mitosis is needed to sort out these chromosomes. S Phase two identical sets of chromosomes in daughter cells correct sorting However, mitosis isn’t always perfect…
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THE CELL CYCLE G1 S G2 incorrect sorting MITOSIS:
This process _____ and ______ the duplicated chromosomes into two ________ sets of DNA so that each daughter cell gets one set. sorts divides identical parent cell cytokinesis G1 S interphase G2 mitosis Mitosis is needed to sort out these chromosomes. S Phase two non-identical sets of chromosomes in daughter cells An error in mitosis has occurred. incorrect sorting
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THE CELL CYCLE G1 S G2 MITOSIS:
This process _____ and ______ the duplicated chromosomes into two ________ sets of DNA so that each daughter cell gets one set. sorts divides identical Mitosis is broken down into ____ main stages and they can be represented by the acronym _______ which stands for… four cytokinesis G1 S interphase G2 P.M.A.T. Telophase Anaphase However, the events that occur between ________ and _________ are important enough to create a fifth stage between these two called ____________. Metaphase prophase Prophase Prometaphase metaphase prometaphase After mitosis divides the nuclear contents into two parts, it’s time to divide the cytoplasm…
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Sanddollar cytokinesis
THE CELL CYCLE CYTOKINESIS: The process that ______ the _________ in half to create two ________ daughter cells. divides cytoplasm separate Animal Cells cytokinesis G1 S interphase G2 Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase In animal cells, a ______________ forms to constrict the cell membrane in the middle of the cell and divide it. cleavage furrow Sanddollar cytokinesis PLAY cleavage furrow
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THE CELL CYCLE G1 S G2 CYTOKINESIS:
The process that ______ the _________ in half to create two ________ daughter cells. divides cytoplasm separate Plant Cells cytokinesis G1 S interphase G2 Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase In plant cells, the _______ makes cytokinesis more challenging. cell wall Instead of making a cleavage furrow, a plant cell makes a ________ in the middle of the cell. cell plate cell plate
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THE CELL CYCLE G1 S G2 CYTOKINESIS:
The process that ______ the _________ in half to create two ________ daughter cells. divides cytoplasm separate Plant Cells cytokinesis G1 S interphase G2 Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase The cell plate is made up of ______ which contain the material needed to build the _______. vesicles cell wall The vesicles ____ at the midline of the cell to create a new cell wall which completely ________ the two daughter cells. fuse separates
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Stop and Complete Activity 3.3.1 Part II – Preparation for Mitosis
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3 duplicated chromosomes
MITOSIS – A DETAILED LOOK G1 Interphase In this example, we will examine a cell containing _____________ (red, blue and green) in the initial parent cell. 3 chromosomes G2 Interphase After S Phase, each chromosome has undergone DNA replication. There are now _______________________. 3 duplicated chromosomes At this point, the DNA has _____________ yet so it is still ____ and ____. not condensed This long _________ form of DNA is called _________. long thin thread-like chromatin
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MITOSIS – A DETAILED LOOK
G2 Interphase
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MITOSIS – A DETAILED LOOK
G2 Interphase MITOSIS – A DETAILED LOOK The two identical sides of each duplicated chromosome are called _______________. sister chromatids The two sister chromatids are _________ together at a region of the chromosome called the __________. connected centromere sister chromatids microtubules The centromere is where protein structures called ___________ assemble on either side of the sister chromatids. kinetochores centromere kinetochores The kinetochores are the sites of __________ for ___________ which ___ the sister chromatids apart. attachment microtubules pull
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MITOSIS – A DETAILED LOOK
G2 Interphase MITOSIS – A DETAILED LOOK The two identical sides of each duplicated chromosome are called _______________. sister chromatids The two sister chromatids are _________ together at a region of the chromosome called the __________. connected centromere spindle fibers / sister chromatids microtubules ___________ are protein filaments that serve various different functions within a cell. Microtubules When they are used in mitosis or meiosis, they can be specifically referred to as ____________. centromere kinetochores spindle fibers
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MITOSIS – A DETAILED LOOK
G2 Interphase MITOSIS – A DETAILED LOOK The ___________ along with the _______ that surround it form the __________ centriole pair proteins which is the organelle responsible for _________ the ___________. centrosome centrosomes organizing microtubules animal Centrosomes are only found in ______ cells. Along with the DNA, the centrosome is _________ in S Phase to produce the two centrosomes you see in G2. replicated
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MITOSIS MITOSIS – A DETAILED LOOK PROPHASE
metaphase Pro- Metaphase Anaphase Telophase MITOSIS PROPHASE nuclear membrane The centrosomes begin to _______ to _____________. migrate opposite poles ____________ begin to form between the two centrosomes. Spindle fibers The ________________ begins to _______ nuclear membrane dissolve Why do you think the nuclear membrane needs to dissolve completely? QUICK TASK #5
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MITOSIS MITOSIS – A DETAILED LOOK PROPHASE
metaphase Pro- Metaphase Anaphase Telophase MITOSIS PROPHASE nuclear membrane The centrosomes begin to _______ to _____________. migrate opposite poles ____________ begin to form between the two centrosomes. Spindle fibers nucleolus The ________________ begins to _______ nuclear membrane dissolve which _____ the chromosomes to be sorted and divided in later stages of mitosis. frees The chromatin begins to ________ and become ______ , ______ and ______. condense shorter thicker visible The ________ begins to disappear. nucleolus
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MITOSIS MITOSIS – A DETAILED LOOK PROMETAPHASE
Prophase metaphase Pro- Metaphase Anaphase Telophase PROMETAPHASE MITOSIS Compare prometaphase to prophase. What changes have occurred? QUICK TASK #6
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kinetochore spindle fibers
MITOSIS – A DETAILED LOOK Prophase metaphase Pro- Metaphase Anaphase Telophase PROMETAPHASE equatorial plate The nuclear membrane is ______ completely dissolved which allows the ___________ access to the duplicated chromosomes. almost spindle fibers MITOSIS kinetochore spindle fibers The ________ has disappeared. nucleolus __________ spindle fibers reach through the dissolving nuclear membrane and ______ to the ___________ of each duplicated chromosome. Kinetochore attach kinetochores These spindle fibers begin to _______ the duplicated chromosomes along the midline of the cell called the _________ (or metaphase) ____. position equatorial plate
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kinetochore spindle fibers
MITOSIS – A DETAILED LOOK Prophase metaphase Pro- Metaphase Anaphase Telophase PROMETAPHASE equatorial plate The nuclear membrane is ______ completely dissolved which allows the ___________ access to the duplicated chromosomes. almost spindle fibers MITOSIS astral spindle fibers kinetochore spindle fibers polar spindle fibers ____ spindle fibers from opposite poles reach the midline and push against one another to ______ the distance between the two centrosomes. Polar extend _____ spindle fibers help ______ the centrosomes at opposite poles of the cell. Astral anchor
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kinetochore spindle fibers
MITOSIS – A DETAILED LOOK Prophase metaphase Pro- Metaphase Anaphase Telophase PROMETAPHASE equatorial plate The nuclear membrane is ______ completely dissolved which allows the ___________ access to the duplicated chromosomes. almost spindle fibers MITOSIS astral spindle fibers kinetochore spindle fibers polar spindle fibers All of the different types of spindle fibers help form a network of fibers called the _______________ (or _____________). spindle apparatus mitotic spindle
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MITOSIS MITOSIS – A DETAILED LOOK METAPHASE
Prophase metaphase Pro- Metaphase Anaphase Telophase METAPHASE MITOSIS Compare metaphase to pro-metaphase. What changes have occurred? QUICK TASK #7
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MITOSIS MITOSIS – A DETAILED LOOK METAPHASE
Prophase metaphase Pro- Metaphase Anaphase Telophase METAPHASE The centrosomes are ____ migrated to opposite poles. fully The spindle apparatus is _________ formed. MITOSIS completely The nuclear membrane is ____ dissolved. fully The spindle fibers have _______ the duplicated chromosomes along the _____________ so that each sister chromatid of a duplicated chromosome faces _______ poles. lined up equatorial plate opposite
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MITOSIS MITOSIS – A DETAILED LOOK METAPHASE
Prophase metaphase Pro- Metaphase Anaphase Telophase METAPHASE The centrosomes are ____ migrated to opposite poles. fully The spindle apparatus is _________ formed. MITOSIS completely Correct _________ at this stage helps to ensure that each new daughter cell will receive one sister chromatid from each duplicated chromosome when the sister chromatids are separated. alignment
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MITOSIS MITOSIS – A DETAILED LOOK METAPHASE
Prophase metaphase Pro- Metaphase Anaphase Telophase METAPHASE At this stage, the chromosomes are ____, _____ and at their most _________, hence the chromosomes are at their most easily observable state. thick short condensed MITOSIS sister chromatid centromere
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MITOSIS MITOSIS – A DETAILED LOOK ANAPHASE
Prophase metaphase Pro- Metaphase Anaphase Telophase ANAPHASE MITOSIS Compare anaphase to metaphase. What changes have occurred? QUICK TASK #8
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MITOSIS MITOSIS – A DETAILED LOOK ANAPHASE
Prophase metaphase Pro- Metaphase Anaphase Telophase ANAPHASE Each chromatid becomes its own ___________ once separation has occurred. chromosome MITOSIS The __________ spindle fibers _______ and ____ the attached sister chromatids apart at the __________ towards opposite poles. kinetochore shorten pull centromere The ____ spindle fibers push against each other to _______ the cell and further separate the sister chromatids. polar elongate
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MITOSIS MITOSIS – A DETAILED LOOK TELOPHASE
Prophase metaphase Pro- Metaphase Anaphase Telophase TELOPHASE MITOSIS Compare telophase to anaphase. What changes have occurred? QUICK TASK #9
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MITOSIS MITOSIS – A DETAILED LOOK TELOPHASE
Prophase metaphase Pro- Metaphase Anaphase Telophase This phase is essentially the ______ of prophase. reverse The spindle apparatus begins to __________. MITOSIS disassemble The chromosomes become ____ and ___ by ____________ and reverting back to their _________ structure. long thin decondensing chromatin A ________________ begins to reform around each set of chromosomes. nuclear membrane The ________ reappears in each nucleus. nucleolus
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MITOSIS MITOSIS – A DETAILED LOOK TELOPHASE
Prophase metaphase Pro- Metaphase Anaphase Telophase cleavage furrow MITOSIS A _____________ (or ________ in plant cells) begins to form which signals the beginning of __________ which will separate the two new daughter cells. cleavage furrow cell plate cytokinesis
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MITOSIS MITOSIS – A DETAILED LOOK Real cells are harder to identify!
Prophase metaphase Pro- Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Real cells are harder to identify! prophase metaphase prometaphase MITOSIS telophase interphase anaphase How many did you get correct? ACTIVITY #1 Identify cells A-F as interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase or telophase.
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MITOSIS MITOSIS – A DETAILED LOOK A B C D E prophase anaphase
metaphase Pro- Metaphase Anaphase Telophase prophase anaphase telophase MITOSIS interphase metaphase How many did you get correct? Identify cells A-E as interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase or telophase. (There’s no prometaphase example in this image.) ACTIVITY #2
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MITOSIS MITOSIS – A DETAILED LOOK Prophase metaphase Pro- Metaphase
Anaphase Telophase Mitosis (Overview) PLAY MITOSIS The Cell Cycle and Mitosis (Detailed) PLAY
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The End!
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