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Designing the Inputs and User Interface
Chapter 12 Designing the Inputs and User Interface
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Learning Objectives To become familiar with the various common methods by which end users interact with IS To review the common computer input devices and to explore the newer, more sophisticated input technologies To understand the three basic metaphors for designing human–computer interaction mechanisms
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Learning Objectives To understand and be able to apply the basic design guidelines for high quality and usable data entry screens To understand the two categories of input controls, as well as their strengths and limitations
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User Interface Methods
Command Dialogue Menus Icons and Buttons Input Screens and Forms Natural Language Recognition
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Command Dialogue End users initiate all dialogue by issuing instructions to the computer via a structured syntax of command Requires a significant learning curve on the part of the end user
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Menus Present the end user with a list of available alternatives
Types of menus Single menu approach Hierarchical menu approach Menu bar approach Pop-up menu
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Icons and Buttons End user selects and executes commands by pointing and clicking at graphical buttons or icons Easy recognition by end users
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Figure 12-2. Iconic Menu Toolbar
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Input Screens and Forms
Use a screen-based form to get input from users The navigation method should allow the user to move from field to field in a logical, intuitive sequence
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Proper navigation Poor navigation Figure Examples of Logical and Counterintuitive Navigation Sequences
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Voice Recognition Uses voice synthesis technology
Allows the user to interface with the computer device by using natural language and voice commands Error rate is decreasing in recent years
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Voice Recognition Future development
Computer scientists looking for pauses in our voice Speaker independence Understanding of gesture
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Voice Recognition Natural Computing
Adapt to natural human interaction skills To interpret vocal command To track movement and gestures
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Common Input Device Punch Card Biometric Input Devices
Automatic identification of a person based on his or her physiological or behavioral characteristics Pattern recognition system
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Figure 12-4. Examples of Biometric Input Devices
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Common Input Device Optical Input Devices Barcode
Provide a simple and easy method of encoding text and numerical information to be read by inexpensive devices A series of parallel, adjacent bars and spaces
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Figure 12-5. Barcode Scanner and Barcode Structure
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Common Input Device Optical Input Devices OMR Optical Mark Reading
Uses an array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to scan for marks in certain position Used for questionnaires, tests, voter registration, market research
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Figure 12-6. Optical Mark Reader Scan Sheet and Auto-Scanner
Skunk Marks Data Scanning Figure Optical Mark Reader Scan Sheet and Auto-Scanner
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Common Input Device Optical Input Devices OCR
Optical Character Recognition Scan virtually any form or document containing numbers, letters, or marks
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Figure 12-7. Smart Card Technology
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Common Input Device Smart Card
A plastic card embedded with an integrated circuit chip Used for payment processing, identification, network computing, health care management
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Guidelines for Input and Interface Design
HCI Metaphors Desktop or direct manipulation Document Dialogue
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The Desktop Metaphor Build on the common set of activities and organizational schemes associated with a common desktop Create an electronic desktop that provides all of the flexibility and advantages of a physical desktop
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Figure 12-8. Example of Electronic Desktop Metaphor
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The Document Metaphor The end user interacts with the computer by browsing through, or entering data in electronic documents and forms
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The Document Metaphor Hypermedia
Links graphics, video, and audio together in a manner that allows the users to easily navigate between the documents Hyperlinks bear a strong resemblance to reference in paper documents Filling in forms on web pages is reminiscent of filling in paper forms
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The Document Metaphor Disadvantages of desktops Reading machines
Do not provide mobility Are not spatial Vary in software Reading machines Encapsulate the physical aspects we are accustomed to when reading from a hard copy
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The Dialogue Metaphor Attempt to create an electronic version of a conversation using natural language Electronic Personal Assistant
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Data Entry Issue Consistency
The methods and functions available on one data entry screen should be consistently applied to all entry screens
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Data Entry Issue Standardized Interface
Learning curve for an end user is significantly reduced The probability of data entry error across screens is reduced
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Table 12-1. Common Data Entry Screen Functions
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Table 12-2. Guidelines for Effective Input Screen Design
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Data Entry Screen Characteristics
Determine default value when appropriate Include context-sensitive help Pop-up help, hotspots, tool tips, etc.
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Figure 12-10. Examples of Context-Sensitive Help Mechanisms
Tooltip Hotspot Popup Figure Examples of Context-Sensitive Help Mechanisms
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Providing User Feedback
System Status Feedback Users needs to be reassured that the intended process is successfully executing Users need some indication of the estimated length of time for the process to execute or complete System status indicator
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Figure 12-11. End User Feedback Using Both Text and Graphics
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Providing User Feedback
User prompts The designer needs to communicate information to the user in the form of a statement or a selection that is related to either a process in progress or a possible error condition in effect
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Figure 12-12. Dialog Box Examples
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Dialogue Design Usability Assessment
Used to determine the effectiveness and efficiency of the various interface structures and components of the application Surveys, questionnaires, focus groups, field observation
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Table 12-3. Guidelines for the Design of Effective HCI Dialogues
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Designing the Input Controls
Intended to ensure that the data input to the system are both accurate and valid to the highest degree possible Access Control Data Control
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Designing the Input Controls
Data Control Appending error Truncation error Transcription error Transposition error Design Control Mechanism Table 12-4
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Table 12-4. Input Validation Control Mechanisms
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Table 12-5. Check Digit Calculation Method
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Designing the Input Controls
Access Control Authentic Mechanism Authorization Schema Encryption Mechanism
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Chapter Summary This and the previous chapter provided a detailed overview of the design and control issues on system input and output. With these two tasks complete, the system is well on its way to completion and implementation.
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Chapter 12 End of Chapter
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