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Arthro- means jointed Pod – means foot or feet Jointed feet.
Arthropods Arthro- means jointed Pod – means foot or feet Jointed feet.
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Number of species Mollusca Chordata Platyhelminthes Nematoda
Arthropoda Porifera Annelida Echinodermata Sarcomastigophora Apicomplex Ciliophora
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Arthropods Most Successful Animals
Number of species Diversity Distribution Longevity
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Reasons for Success Versatile exoskeleton Segmentation
Oxygen piped directly to cells (terrestrial) Highly developed sensory organs Complex behavior Metamorphosis
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Characteristics of Arthropods
Have segmented bodies that are bilaterally symmetrical Have an exoskeleton – hard covering on the outside of their body made of chitin Have many appendages – any structure such as an arm or leg that grows out of the body of an animal Respiratory organs are either gills, tracheal tubes or book lungs
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5. Have many sense organs such as antennae that can detect movement, sound or chemicals
6. Well developed nervous systems Most have either simple or compound eyes. Some have both What are some disadvantages of an exoskeleton? (Think what it would be like to have a tough armor on the outside of your body.)
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Disadvantages of an exoskeleton
Heavy Must be shed for growth to occur. Shedding of an exoskeleton is called molting. Can be easier for predators to attack before new exoskeleton hardens Not flexible (why jointed appendages are so important
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5 classes of arthropods Class Arachnida – spiders, scorpions and mites (chiggers and mange) Class Crustacea – shrimp, lobsters, crayfish, pill bugs (rolly polly) Class Insecta – flies, grasshoppers, beetles Class Chilopoda – centipedes Class Diplopoda -- millipedes
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Class Crustacea mostly marine, fresh water, a few terrestrial
all have two pair of antennae, some have antennules that are used for balance five or more pairs of legs segmented abdominal appendages head & trunk fused into a cephalothorax & abdomen body arrangement have gills 9
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Sowbugs or pillbugs (rolly polly) only terrestrial crustacean
Sand fleas Barnacles Crabs, lobster, shrimp
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Crayfish cephalothorax (Decapoda)
Sowbug (Isopoda), a terrestrial crustacean 11
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Two pair of antennae Biramous appendages
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Fig. 19.3
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Fig. 19.1
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Fig. 19.5 Fig. 19.5
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Crayfish
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Fig. 19.2a
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Fig. 19.2b
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Fig. 19.6
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Fig. 19.7 Fig. 19.7
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Lobster
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Shrimp
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Crab
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Pill Bug
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Fig c
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Fig c
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Orders of Arachnids Scorpions Pseudoscorpions Daddy Long-Legs
Mites & Ticks Spiders 33
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Pseudoscorpion Tick (a mite) Scorpion Wolf Spider Daddy-long-legs 34
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Scorpion Anatomy 35
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chelicerae eyes pedipalp 37
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Pseudoscorpion 38
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Mite and Tick Body Regions
pedipalps & chelicerae cephalothorax abdomen 39
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Blacklegged (deer) tick female
American dog tick male Blacklegged (deer) tick female 40
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American dog tick female laying egg mass (1000-2000 eggs!).
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Twospotted spider mites
Clover mites Twospotted spider mites Predatory mite 42
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daddy long-legs cephalothorax abdomen 43
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Spider Anatomy pedipalp chelicera (fang) cephalothorax narrow waist
abdomen 44
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Jumping Spider Abdomen Cephalothorax Chelicera (fang) Pedipalp 45
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World’s Largest Spiders
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Wolf spider with egg case Spitting spider
Orb-weaving spider Tarantula 47
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Black widow with egg case
Brown recluse 48
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Class Arachnida 4 pair of legs
Have pedipalps – 2nd pair of appendages used in gathering food and other functions 2 body segments called cephalothorax and abdomen Except mites & ticks Most are predators Inject enzymes into prey Suck fluid into pharynx Have 8 eyes -- a combination of simple and compound eyes
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Arachnid Body Regions Cephalothorax Abdomen
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Order Scorpionida Large pedipalps Abdominal stinger
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Order Scorpionida Large pedipalps Abdominal stinger Photo (a) © SS#11/PhotoDisc
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Order Araneae Spiders Fangs with poison glands Silk glands
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Fig. 18.4
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Fig. 18.5
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Respiratory structures
Arachnid respiratory structure is Book lung or Spiracles – tiny holes on the abdomen that open and close allowing air to come in and flow over a series of tubes called trachae.
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Dugesiella Tarantula
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Latrodectus mactans Black widow spider Neurotoxin
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Loxosceles reclusa Fiddle back spider Necrotoxin Brown recluse Brown
Violin Necrotoxin
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Loxosceles reclusa Necrosis of tissue
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Day 3
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Day 4
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Day 5
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Day 6
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Day 9
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Day 10
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Order Acari Ticks Mites Body segments fused
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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Ticks are vector High fever Headache Muscle pain Rash BEGINS ON EXTREMETIES 25% fatal without antibiotics
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Dermacentor variabilis
Dog tick Dermacentor andersoni Wood tick
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Fig
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Dermatophagoides Dust mite Allergies to fecal products
1 gram of dust holds 250,000 droppings
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Trombicula Chigger mite Larva feed on skin Dermatitis
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Class Chilopoda Centipedes One pair of legs per body segment
Poison fang and claws Flattened bodies Carnivores
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Class Diplopoda milliipedes Two pair of appendages per body segment
Cylindrical body Herbivores Have stink glands for protection
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Rule of 3s 3 pairs of legs 3 body segments : head, thorax, abdomen 1 pair of antennae
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Class Insecta Two types of metamorphosis: 1. Complete Egg larva pupaadult 2. Incomplete Eggnymphadult A nymph is a minature adult that must molt several times before becoming an adult
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Complete Metamorphosis
egg larvae pupa adult
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Complete Metamorphosis Four stages that all look different
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Incomplete Metamorphosis
egg nymphs adult
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INCOMPLETE METAMORPHOUS Insects change shape gradually!
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Insects with Complete Metamorphosis
EGG LARVA PUPA ADULT Coleoptera (beetles) Hymenoptera (bees, ants, wasps) Diptera (flies) Lepidoptera (butterflies)
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Insects with Incomplete Metamorphosis
EGG NYMPH ADULT Siphonaptera (fleas) Isoptera (termites) Orthoptera (grasshoppers & crickets) Hemiptera (true bugs) Homoptera (cicadas & hoppers) Wings NOT fully developed
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There are ALWAYS SIX legs, and they are attached to the THORAX
Count the Legs! There are ALWAYS SIX legs, and they are attached to the THORAX
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Antenna One Pair on head Jointed Sensory (smell) Called “feelers”
Filiform most common shape (segments = size) May be modified FILIFORM
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Antenna Modifications
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Wings or No Wings Most adults have 2 pairs
Called forewings and hindwings Some insects are wingless (silverfish, fleas, some termites and ants)
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A network of Veins strengthens wings MEMBRANEOUS (clear) WINGS
More on Wings A network of Veins strengthens wings MEMBRANEOUS (clear) WINGS
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Some Wings Are Covered With Powdery Scales
BUTTERFLIES & MOTHS
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Wings May Be Modified Order Diptera (flies)
2nd pair of wings modified into HALTERES Used for balance Makes flies hard to catch!
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Beetle Wings Meet in straight line down the abdomen
ELYTRA Hard Forewing called Elytra Meet in straight line down the abdomen Membranous hindwings folded underneath (flight)
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INSECT ORDERS INSECTS WITH WINGS
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Why Can’t I Call All of Them Bugs?
EVERY BUG is an insect, but NOT ALL INSECTS are bugs! True BUGS are in the Order HEMIPTERA Posterior thorax is triangular; called SCUTELLUM Last 3rd of wing CLEAR
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Which of these are BUGS? ALL
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More Hemipterans Assassin Bug Water Boatman Giant Water Bug
Leaf Hopper
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Coleoptera Called beetles Tough exoskeleton Forewings called Elytra
Fly with membranous hindwings Larva called grubs Cucumber beetle Ladybird beetle Rhinoceros beetle
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Ephemeroptera Called Mayflies Juveniles are aquatic; called naiads
Adults found near water & don’t feed Adults reproduce & die in 24 hours Soft bodies with 2 long Ceri (tail fibers) ADULT NAIAD
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Diptera Contains mosquitoes & flies One pair functional wings
Club-shaped halteres for balance Bodies often hairy Green Bottle fly Hover Fly Fruit Fly Aedes Mosquito
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EARWIG EATING CATERPILLAR
Dermaptera Called earwigs Long, flat bodies Forceps (pincers) on end of abdomen Short, hard forewings (membranous wings folded underneath Large jaws (mandibles) on head PINCERS EARWIG EATING CATERPILLAR
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Orthoptera Grasshoppers, locusts, crickets, katydids Very long bodies
Rear legs modified for jumping Females with egg laying tube (ovipositor on end of abdomen) Often communicate with chirping sounds
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Lepidoptera Moths, butterflies, & skippers
Siphoning mouthparts coiled under head Powdery scales on wings Butterflies fold wings flat above body at rest Moths are night active Important plant pollinators
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Neuroptera Lacewings Net veined wings Small, delicate insects
Long antenna Predators on other insects May feed on nectar
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Thysanoptera Thrips Two pairs of fringed wings Feed on plant sap
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Isoptera Termites Live in colonies Feed on wood
Soft bodies & short antenna Castes – workers, soldiers, kings, and queen
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Mecoptera Scorpion flies Last abdominal segments curved like scorpion
Two pairs of narrow wings Head elongated into a beak (rostrum) Long antenna
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Homoptera Cicadas, leaf hoppers, wingless aphids
If wings present, held roof like over body & membranous Piercing-sucking mouthparts Cicada Leafhopper
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Odonata Dragonflies & damselflies
Dragonflies hold clear wings spread perpendicular to body at rest Damselflies hold clear wings together over abdomen
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Plecoptera Stoneflies Aquatic nymphs Aerial adults are short lived
Make drumming sound to find mates
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Hymenoptera Bees, ants, wasps Narrow waist connects thorax & abdomen
Abdomen curved downward May have stinger on end of abdomen Carpenter bee Red ant Yellow jacket
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INSECT ORDERS WINGLESS INSECTS
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Thysanura Called Silverfish
Found around houses or outside under stones or wood Fast runners Damage books Secretive and active at night. Flat, long bodies Long antennae Three, long, tail like appendages
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Siphonaptera Fleas Ectoparasites Bodies laterally compressed
Enlarged hind jumping legs Very short antenna
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Collembola Called springtails Small & soft bodied
Furcula (jumping mechanism) on abdomen Furcula folds under the body at rest Found in decaying plant material
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Anoplura Sucking lice Parasites of mammals Very small
Head and body lice are examples Attracted to children’s fine hair Carry disease
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Mallophaga Biting lice External parasites on birds & mammals
Broad head & flattened body Feed on dead skin, feathers, and fur
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