1. Classification and Identification
What is it? Why do we use it?

2. What is Classification?
Since before Roman times, scientists and naturalists have investigated the world around them.
As they discovered new organisms, they realized that they needed to come up with a system to keep everything in order.
This system helped these scientists to categorize or classify life.

3. Who came up with this system?
In the mid-eighteenth century, a Swedish biologist, named Carolus Linnaeus came up with a system of names to catalog life’s diverstiy.
He came up with Binomial Nomenclature.
What is this? A system that uses two names - genus and species – to identify each individual.

4. What is a Genus and Species?
Organisms can be broken up into different groups (taxonomic groups), which have shared characteristics.
What are these groups??
Biologists recognize several major groups beyond genus and species.
Let’s look at the common dog.

5. The Taxonomic Groups
Kingdom – Animalia – meaning it is in the group of animals
Phylum – Chordata – meaning it has a backbone
Class – Mammalia – meaning it is part of the mammals group
Order - Carnivora - means that it is a carnivore (eats meat)
Family – Canidae - meaning it has canines
Genus – Canis - It’s a type of dog
Species – familiaris (tail turns to the right) – it the actual dog species.

6. But what does this mean?
All life is categorized into Six major Kingdoms.
Monera (Eubacteria) – single celled bacteria
Archaebacteria – single celled bacteria living in extreme environments
Protista – single celled eukaryotes
Fungi – multicelled heterotrophs (mushrooms)
Plantae – multicelled autotrophs (algae, ferns, flowering plants)
Animlia – multicellular heterotrophs (lack cellulose and have movement)
From there, each individual is then classified into Phyla, Classes, Orders, Families, Genuses, and Species based on their specific characteristics. (We will take a look more closely later)

7. Classification of Living Things
Learning About The
Kingdoms
Of Life

8. What is Classification?
The organization of objects using characteristics & attributes

9. Biological Classification
Systems that name & organize living things in a meaningful way
AKA taxonomy

10. Modern System (post-Linnaeus)
2 functions
1 groups organisms according to basic characteristics
2 gives unique name to each organism

11. Think of it like this…
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

12. How are relationships determined?
Structural similarities
Shared physical structures
Breeding behaviors – species may look alike but…
Make different sounds, or breed at a different time
Geographical distribution
South American Finches vs. Galapagos finches
Chromosome comparisons
Number and structure of chromosomes as seen during meiosis and mitosis
Biochemistry
Similar DNA sequences, and therefore similar proteins
More inherited nucleotide sequences = closely related species

13. Modeling

20. 1.  Start with a list of taxa that are to be fit into the cladogram (the ingroup) and their derived characters.  Choose an outgroup; a taxa that shares a primitive character with the ingroup, but exhibits none of the derived characters.   

21. 2. Fill in a character table that will be used to make the cladogram
2.  Fill in a character table that will be used to make the cladogram.  The taxon with the least number of derived characters should be the first row.  The taxon with the greatest number of derived characters should be the last row.  The character that is seen in the greatest number of taxa should be the first column.  The character that is exhibited in the least number of taxa should be the last column.  Use ones and zeroes to represent presence (1) or absence (0) of specific characters in specific species.   

22. 3. Build the cladogram step-by-step
3. Build the cladogram step-by-step.  Start with the first character (first column).  The outgroup is the only taxon that doesn't exhibit the first character.  Separate it from the other taxa on the cladogram.  Remember, the outgroup shares a common ancestor with the ingroup.  Also, each split in the cladogram marks a separate evolutionary event.             

23. 4.  By looking at the completed cladogram, we can see which species are most closely or distantly related.  In this example, humans are more closely related to chimpanzees, than to any other taxon on the cladogram. 

24. Terms to Know Autotrophs make own food
Heterotrophs get food from another source
Photosynthesis using the sun’s energy to make own food
Prokaryotic nucleus not enclosed; DNA flows freely in cell
Eukaryotic has an enclosed nucleus (where DNA is stored)
Locomotion means of movement; transportation

25. Terms to Know Sessile non- moving; stationary
Motile mobile; ability to move
Taxonomy another word for classification
Nucleus cell structure that contains DNA for reproduction; enclosed with a membrane