1. “EARTH’S ENERGY“

2. 5.1) Electromagnetic Energy.
is the ability to do work.
Everything that is done in the universe involves the use or transfer of energy.

3. There are two sources for Earth’s heat energy.
Internal source
heat from earth’s interior.
Comes from;
1 - remnant heat
2 - radioactive decay.

4. 2) External source
Comes from;
Insolation – energy from the sun.
(In/sol/ation) incoming solar radiation.
This drives most Earth surface processes.

5. Electromagnetic Energy.
energy that is radiated (given off) by all matter that is not at absolute zero.
absolute zero = the lowest possible temperature.
0 Kelvin or -273oC.( F)
the higher the temperature, the greater the amount of energy that is given off.

6. Characteristics and Types of Electromagnetic Energy.
different types of electromagnetic energy are distinguished by their wavelength.
wavelength - the distance from one crest of a wave to the next crest.

7. diagram; | | | | crest crest trough trough one wavelength

8. Electromagnetic Spectrum See ESRT p. 14
Long Wave Energy
Low energy
Short Wave Energy
High energy

9. The electromagnetic spectrum
a model that shows all the types of electromagnetic energy.
Visible light is the only portion of the spectrum that we can see with our eyes.

10. 1) Which type of electromagnetic radiation has the longest wavelength?
(1) ultraviolet (3) visible light
(2) gamma rays (4) radio waves

11. 2) Which graph best represents the relative wavelengths of the different forms of electromagnetic energy?

12. 3) Which color of the visible spectrum has the shortest wavelength?
(1) violet (3) yellow
(2) blue (4) red

13. 4) In which list are the forms of electromagnetic energy arranged in order from longest to shortest wavelengths?
(1) gamma rays, x rays, ultraviolet rays, visible light
(2) radio waves, infrared rays, visible light, ultraviolet rays
(3) x rays, infrared rays, blue light, gamma rays
(4) infrared rays, radio waves, blue light, red light

14. 5) What is the basic difference between ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation?
(1) half-life (3) wavelength
(2) temperature (4) wave velocity

15. Main Ideas and Supporting Details
DATE
Main Ideas and Supporting Details

16. There are three types of spectrum.
continuous
a continuous band of colors, with one color blending into the next, the “real” rainbow.
Produced by a glowing solid or liquid, or by a highly compressed glowing gas.

17. 2) bright line (emission)
dark background with a series of thin brightly colored lines.
Produced from a non-compressed gas.

18. 3) dark line (absorption)
a continuous spectrum with thin black lines.
Produced from the sun’s light, where light passes through a cooler gas.

20. Interactions between Electromagnetic Energy and an Environment.
When electromagnetic waves strike an object they may be….

21. 1) refracted
bent.

22. 2) reflected
bounced off.

23. 3) scattered
refracted and/or reflected in various directions.

24. 4) transmitted
passed through the material.

25. 5) absorbed
taken into the material.

26. Surface Properties and Absorption.
The characteristics of the surface of a material will determine the amount of electromagnetic energy that can be absorbed.

27. Characteristics 1) Color dark color – absorbs well.
light color – absorbs poorly. (it reflects energy)
2) Texture
rough surface – absorbs well.
smooth surface – absorbs poorly. (it reflects energy)

28. A material that absorbs electromagnetic energy well will
A material that absorbs electromagnetic energy well will.. heat up quickly.

29. A material that heats up quickly will also
A material that heats up quickly will also.. radiate (gives off) energy well. It will cool quickly

30. 5-2) Transfer of Energy Energy moves from a …
region of high concentration
(a source)
to a …
region of low concentration
(a sink).
SOURCE
SINK
(high)
(low)

31. heat energy –
energy that is transferred from a region of high temperature to a region of lower temperature.

32. Achieving Dynamic Equilibrium
Heat will move from a ..
source to a sink until their energies are equal.
Dynamic Equilibrium is achieved when..
the amount of energy being gained is equal to the amount of energy being lost.

33. 3 Methods of Energy Transfer

34. 1 - CONDUCTION Heat energy is transferred from
atom to atom, when vibrating atoms collide.
Conduction is most effective in solids.
diagram:

36. HOT

37. Main Ideas and Supporting Details
DATE
Main Ideas and Supporting Details

38. 2 - CONVECTION caused by differences in density.
warmer portions have a lower density and rise.
cooler portions have a greater density and sink.
only occurs in fluids; liquids and gases.
convection currents occur in;
atmosphere, the hydrosphere, & below the lithosphere.
Diagram:

41. 3 - RADIATION. caused by electromagnetic waves.
no medium is needed to transfer electromagnetic waves.
examples; sunlight warming the earth or heating the inside of a car.
diagram;

42. Diagram 1; Earth

43. Energy travels through space

44. The inside is hotter than the temperature outside.
Diagram 2; Inside car

45. 5-3) Transformation of Energy
changing one type of energy into another.

46. Examples; friction – kinetic energy is transformed into heat energy.
glacier flowing down a valley.
waves
Wind blowing on the ocean.
energy from atmosphere to hydrosphere.

47. Transformations of Mechanical Energy
potential + kinetic energy.
the energy of an object that is not related to the motion of atoms.

48. kinetic energy - energy of motion.
the faster an object moves, the greater its kinetic energy.

49. potential energy - energy of position, or phase. (“stored energy”)
the higher an object is above the center of the earth, the greater its potential energy.

50. Example; Waterfall

51. Water at the top of a waterfall has potential energy.
as the water falls, some of its potential energy becomes kinetic energy.
diagram

53. (Build your own waterfall) Hydroelectric
Capture this energy…
(Build your own waterfall)
Hydroelectric
Height 726
River view of the eventual site of Hoover Dam, circa 1904

56. Transformation of Electromagnetic Energy
Electromagnetic energy absorbed by an object is reradiated at a longer wavelength.
high temp. emits short wavelength.
lower temp emits longer wavelength.

57. Earth example;
Short wavelength radiation from the sun (insolation) is absorbed and …
….reradiated as longer wavelength radiation (infrared) from the earth.
diagram

58. Long wave from Earth
Short wave from sun.

59. Temperature

60. temperature
is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of a body of matter.
One molecule
Atoms in a gas

61. The instrument that is used to measure temperature is a …. thermometer
Galileo thermometer
digital
Mercury thermometer
IR thermometer

62. There are three different temperature scales…
Fahrenheit
Celsius
Kelvin – do not use degree sign; absolute zero is 0K
use ESRT to do conversions

64. 200 oF = o C = K
oF = 60oC = K
oF = oC = 280 K
5 oF = oC = K
oF = -25 oC = K 93
367
140
333 46 8
-15
258
248
-13

65. Heat and Thermal Energy
FYI
Heat – is the transfer or flow of energy from a
Hot object to one that is cooler.
Thermal energy – When you feel a warm object
You are actually feeling thermal energy – the
movement of molecules that make up the object.

66. Heat energy is measured in a unit called a joule.
4.184 joules = 1 calorie
1 calorie
heat needed to raise one gram of liquid water by one degree Celsius.

67. Different materials heat up at different rates.
Specific Heat
heat needed to raise one gram of any substance one degree Celsius.
or…specific heat can be defined as
the resistance a material presents to heating up or cooling off.

68. What do you need to know?

69. see Earth Science Reference Tables.
Liquid water has the highest specific heat of all naturally occurring substances.
see Earth Science Reference Tables.
For a 1 gram sample..
4.18 J raises temp 1oC
4.18 J raises temp 32oC

70. Heat Energy and Changes of State

71. Changes in State Melting Solid to liquid. (ice cubes melting)
melting titanium

72. Solidification (freezing)
Changes in State
Solidification (freezing)
Liquid to solid (water freezing)
Toronto

73. Evaporation (vaporization)
Changes in State
Evaporation (vaporization)
Liquid to gas (boiling water)

74. Changes in State Condensation Gas to liquid (rain, mirror in bathroom)
dew

75. Changes in State Sublimation Solid to gas (decrease in snowpack)
dry ice

76. Changes of State (phase)
solid
liquid
gas

77. Changes of State (phase)
HEAT IS RELEASED
precipitation
solidification
condensation
solid
334 J/g
liquid
2260 J/g
gas
vaporization
melting
sublimation
HEAT IS ABSORBED

78. Stored Heat and Changes of States
During a change of state,
heat added does not change the temperature.
The added heat energy is
being converted to a kind of potential energy, or stored heat.

79. Draw and label diagram;
Heating of Water
gas
evaporation
100oC
condensation
temperature
liquid
melting
0oC
freezing
solid
-100oC
time

80. Earth's Energy Supply

81. 1 - Solar Energy
Of all the types of electromagnetic radiation from the sun, the one with the greatest intensity is …
visible light.
Solar energy is produced by …
nuclear fusion.

82. 2 - Earth's own Energy
1 - heat that remains from when the Earth formed.
2 - nuclear decay of radioactive materials.