1. Andragogy
Lecture 9

2. Approaches to Understandings
learning of adults (lifelong and lifewide education)
a humanistic conception of self-directed and autonomous learning
opposition to “childish pedagogy” 2

3. Original Mentioning
Kapp, Alexander (1833): Platon's Erziehungslehre, als Pädagogik für die Einzelnen und als Staatspädagogik. Leipzig.

4. Further Development
Malcolm Knowles (1913 – 1997))

5. Assumptions to Motivation of Adult Learning
Adults need to know the reason for learning something (Need to Know)
Experience (including error) provides the basis for learning activities (Foundation).
Adults need to be responsible for their decisions on education; involvement in the planning and evaluation of their instruction (Self-concept).
Adults are most interested in learning subjects having immediate relevance to their work and/or personal lives (Readiness).
Adult learning is problem-centered rather than content-oriented (Orientation).
Adults respond better to internal versus external motivators (Motivation). 5

6. Adult Learners
• Their self-concept moves from dependency to independency or self-directedness.
• They accumulate experiences that can be used as a basis on which to build learning.
• Their readiness to learn becomes increasingly associated with the developmental tasks of social roles.
• Their time and curricular perspectives change from postponed to immediacy of application and from subject-centeredness to performance-centeredness ( Knowles M. 1980, pp ). 6

7. Development towards Professionalism
International Society for Comparative Adult Education
WCCES World Council of Comparative Education Societies
National Institute of Adult Continuing Education England and Wales 7

8. Reasons for Self-directed Learning Evolution
taking initiative in educational activities
developing an ability to take increasing responsibility for life
assuming a heavy responsibility and initiative in the own learning 8

9. Teaching Adults Advice
spend less time on discipline and giving directions
provide less emotional support to students
structure instructions less tightly
use group discussion more
relate class material to student s’ life experiences
apply eLearning and distance learning 9

10. Anxiety and the Adult Learner
“Adult learning within organizations is like the brainwashing techniques applied to prisoners of the Korean War.” - Edgar Schein “Learning will only happen when survival anxiety is greater than learning anxiety” 10

11. References en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andragogy
community.educationworld.com/node/6226 11

12. Thank you