2. Composition of Soils The ideal composition of soil, 25% Air, 25 % H2O,
45% Mineral Matter
5% Organic Matter.

3. Soil Structure

4. Soil Texture Particles
The texture of a soil depends on the relative mixture of sand, silt and clay particles.
The most common method of classifying soils is based on the percentage clay in the oil.
E.g. Soils that contain 0 – 5 % clay are known as sandy soils.

5. Soil Texture The particles in the soil are classed on their size.
Anything over 2mm in diameter is referred to as gravel, pebbles or stones.
Particles from 2 mm to 0.5 mm are called sand particles.
From 0.5 mm to mm are called silt particles.
Any particle under mm is referred to as clay.

7. Soil Texture
Sand and Silt are similar in composition and are formed by physical breakdown of rocks.
Clay particles are formed by both physical and chemical breakdown of rocks.

8. Soil Texture
As mentioned before soils are classified by the amount of clay in the soil.
0 – 5 % Clay Sandy Soil
5 – 10 % Clay Sandy Loam
10 – 20 % Loam
20 – 30 % Clay Loam
30 – 40 % Clay Soil
40 % Up Heavy Clay Soil
A more common and accurate way at looking at the type of soil is by using a soil triangle.

9. Soil Triangle

10. Mineral Matter
Mineral matter is composed of inert solids, gravel, coarse and fine sand, and silt and clay particles. These different names come about because of the size of each is different.

11. Mineral Matter Soil Texture Gravel > 2mm Coarse Sand ~ 2mm
Fine Sand < 0.2mm
Silt < 0.02mm
Clay <0.002mm

12. Experiment:
The % of each particle in a soil can be estimated using sieves.
A known weight of a dry soil particle is placed in the top sieve. 
Shake vigorously
 Weigh the clay fraction
 Result:
Clay X = % Clay
Total

14.   The Clay Particle
The clay particle is the most important soil particle as it is the only particle, which is charged.
It holds a negative charge and is called an anion.
It is able to attract positively charged ions towards it (cations)
When lime is spread on land it replenishes the Ca2+ (calcium) in the soil and flocculation occurs.

16. Flocculation
This is the gathering together of clay particles forming aggregates
It is responsible for giving soil its structure.
A well-flocculated soil will have a desirable crumb structure.
It will be friable.

17. Flocculation
An undesirable structure is referred to as being plastic or blocky.
Lime promotes flocculation.
It is recommended that it be spread on average every 5 years.
Flocculation in soil promotes aeration.

19. Friability
When a soil sample is rubbed between you fingers it breaks up into crumbs.

20. Cation Exchange Capacity C.E.C. of a soil.
This is the ability of clay articles to swap positively charged ions (cations) from one to another.

22. Generalised Soil Types
Sandy Soils
Have large air holes.
Free Draining soils
Is easy to work with (light)
Dries out quickly
Minerals are easily leached.
Poor soil with little or no nutrients.
Is a warm soil.

23. Generalised Soil Types
Clay Soils
Holds water easily
This protects from leaching of minerals.
Is naturally fertile soil.
Very poor drainage, which can lead to water logging
Is a cold soil.

24. Generalised Soil Types
Loam Soils
Intermediate characteristics of both clay and sandy soils.
More advantages and fewer disadvantages than sandy or clay soils.
A good mixture is 40 % Sand, 40 % Silt and 20 % clay.
While the nature of soil depends on the particle composition, the amount of humus in the soil is also a major factor.